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论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita, the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze, an American, is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert, a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is, but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture, and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However, he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together, their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion, which he overtly links to art, history, and culture, and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually, Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty, who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis, and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic, logical In the foreword to Lolita, John Ray, J, PD, claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry, but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study, heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example, he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt, the headmistress of Lolita’s school, diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature, wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field, Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being, but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell, closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous, strange, and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry, and Lolita is, in a way, an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关,但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles, and, alienated from the societies with which they are familiar, they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America, while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together, they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient, belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open, unfamiliar territory, Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules, where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity, and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom, their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go, and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita, he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile, Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison, it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves, an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L
马丁·伊登这部自传式小说被作者杰克·伦敦认为是他最出色的小说。小说生动地刻画了一位正直、诚实而又坚韧的穷小伙实现了他的梦想以及后来的梦想破灭。这位年轻水手为了获得爱情与地位而走上作家道露的故事是对他理想产生与破灭的动人描绘。首先，当他还是一名水手时，他因碰巧向亚瑟，露丝·摩尔斯的儿子伸出援手而拜访他家，从而对上层社会的奢华生活而艳羡不已。同时他也被受过良好教育的露丝的美貌与气质打动。在他看来，露丝就是他纯洁、高贵与爱情的化身。虽然他还是个目不识丁的穷小子，他决心凭他追求知识与地位的惊人的意志力与韧性去当一名作家以赢得露丝的爱。他埋头于写作，作品的观点时常是尼采或叔本华式的，但却只有布里森顿这个无产阶级诗人理解他作品中的美与价值。他的恋人露丝也像她的阶级与家庭一样想方设法以“既定价值标准”来塑造他，并在努力失败后将他抛弃。虽然马丁的作品屡投屡败，陷入赤贫中；然而他并不气馁，坚持他的写作。当他最终功成名就之时，露丝却想来与他重续旧情，这时马丁却深感爱情已死，露丝只不过贪图他的金钱与地位而已，断然拒绝了她。这种幻灭感是由一系列因素，如布里森顿的自杀，对他向往的上层生活的价值观的鄙视等造成的，并最终使他丧失了对生活的热情，导致他跳海自杀。 其余部分请看网站: Martin Eden（马丁·伊登） 杰克·伦敦（1876—1916）是美国作家，生于旧金山一个破产农民的家庭。因家境贫困，自幼从事体力劳动，当过童工，装卸工和水手等，后又在美国各地流浪。靠劳动所得曾进过加利福尼亚大学学习。在1897年加入过阿拉斯加等地淘金者的行列。早年坎坷的生活经历使他体会到下层人民的悲惨处境和人与人之间的激烈竞争，成为他后来从事创作的源泉。 伦敦一共写过十九部长篇小说，一百五十多篇短篇小说和故事，三部剧本，以及论文、特写等。主要作品有：小说集《狼的儿子》（1900）、中篇小说《荒野的呼唤》（1903）、长篇小说《海狼》（1904）、《铁蹄》（1908）和《马丁·伊登》（1909）、特写集《深渊中的人们》（1903）等。 伦敦的创作思想较为复杂，受到过马克思、斯宾塞、尼采等多人影响。作为现实主义作家，他在创作中带有明显的自然主义色彩，作品歌颂对生命的热爱和对大自然的斗争，同时反映了弱肉强食、生存竞争的哲学观点。伦敦善于通过行动刻画人物性格和揭示主题。小说结构紧凑，文字精炼，生动感人。 《马丁·伊登》是杰克·伦敦的代表作，带有自传性质。主人公马丁·伊登原是一个年轻的普通水手。一次偶然的机会，他结识了银行家莫斯的女儿罗丝。他崇拜罗丝的纯洁高雅，而罗丝也被他的粗野不羁所吸引。在爱情的鼓舞下，马丁刻苦读书，发奋写作。但他们的感情遭到了莫斯夫妇的反对，罗丝同马丁断绝了来往。后来马丁以极大的毅力获得了成功，成为名作家。原先对他不屑一顾的人都对他另眼相看。罗丝也想重修旧好，被马丁愤然拒绝。然而马丁跻身于上流社会后，却看透了资产者的自私和虚伪，在幻灭的痛苦中投海自杀。 《马丁·伊登》是杰克·伦敦最有影响的作品，一则因为它具有明显的自传色彩，提供了认识、研究伦敦宝贵材料，二则由于它在思想上和艺术上有很高的价值，标志着美国现实主义文学在本世纪初的重要发展。 《马丁·伊登》的思想内容相当丰富。首先，它真实生动地描写了一个出身微贱的作家的艰难的奋斗道路，表现了在资本主义制度下一个正直作家的坎坷命运。其次，小说对资产阶级的体面人物作了细致的解剖和无情的嘲讽。小说告诉人们，真正的野蛮人并不是马丁和他所属的阶级，而恰恰是那些自诩为文明人的罗丝小姐和她的父母莫斯夫妇等。此外，小说对个人主义也作了一定的批判。马丁为了赢得罗丝的爱情，竟可以不顾一切。他离开自己的阶级和朋友，到头来却发现是南柯一梦。他后来的悔恨、落寞、空虚、孤独和自杀，实际上是对个人主义的怀疑和否定。不过，需要指出的是，作者在对个人主义进行鞭挞时，流露出对斯宾塞的社会进化论和尼采的超人哲学的矛盾态度。 小说细致的心理描写和善于通过人物的行动去揭示人物的性格这两点，也为人们所称道。 马丁伊登 - MARTIN EDEN -/Shop/bookstore/CEstore/200604/html 杰克·伦敦简介 美国作家。生于破产农民家庭，从小出卖劳力为生，曾卖报、卸货、当童工。成年后当过水手、工人，曾去阿拉斯加淘金，得了坏血症。从此埋头读书写作，成为职业作家。他共写了19部长篇小说、150多篇短篇小说和故事，3部剧本，以及论文、特写等。早期作品有描写北方淘金者生活的短篇小说集（包括1900至1902年发表的《狼的儿子》等3部集子，通称"北方故事"）；描写伦敦贫民生活的特写集《深渊中的人们》（1903）；描写兽性般残忍和利己主义的长篇小说《海狼》（1904）。作品揭露了资本主义社会的弊端，表现了对劳动人民顽强意志的歌颂和苦难生活的同情，也显示了作者的"适者生存"的社会进化论思想和尼采式"超人"哲学观念。19世纪90年代他参加社会主义运动，到后期，杰克·伦敦逐渐脱离社会斗争，追求个人享受。1916年他在精神极度苦闷空虚中服毒自杀。
老人与海，美国作家海明威写的，很出名的文学作品，作者就是凭这本书在一九五四年获得诺贝尔文学奖的，这也算是篇幅比较短的小说。
《白鲸》梅尔维尔的语言特色《哈克贝里・费恩历险记》中马克吐温俚语土语的使用
论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita, the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze, an American, is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert, a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is, but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture, and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However, he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together, their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion, which he overtly links to art, history, and culture, and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually, Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty, who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis, and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic, logical In the foreword to Lolita, John Ray, J, PD, claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry, but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study, heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example, he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt, the headmistress of Lolita’s school, diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature, wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field, Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being, but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell, closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous, strange, and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry, and Lolita is, in a way, an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关,但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles, and, alienated from the societies with which they are familiar, they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America, while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together, they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient, belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open, unfamiliar territory, Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules, where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity, and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom, their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go, and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita, he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile, Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison, it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves, an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L
Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886) was an American Dickinson was a prolific private poet, though fewer than a dozen of her nearly eighteen hundred poems were published during her The work that was published during her lifetime was usually altered significantly by the publishers to fit the conventional poetic rules of the Dickinson's poems are unique for the era in which she wrote; they contain short lines, typically lack titles, and often utilize slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality, two subjects which infused her letters to Although most of her acquaintances were probably aware of Dickinson's writing, it was not until after her death in 1886—when Lavinia, Emily's younger sister, discovered her cache of poems—that the breadth of Dickinson's work became Her first collection of poetry was published in 1890 by personal acquaintances Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd, both of whom heavily edited the A complete and mostly unaltered collection of her poetry became available for the first time in 1955 when The Poems of Emily Dickinson was published by scholar Thomas H J Despite unfavorable reviews and skepticism of her literary prowess during the late 19th and early 20th century, critics now consider Dickinson to be a major American
American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial A For more specific discussions of poetry and theater, see Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United SOverviewDuring its early history, America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United S Therefore, its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader tradition of English However, unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and Colonial literatureSome of the earliest forms of American literature were pamphlets and writings extolling the benefits of the colonies to both a European and colonist John Smith of Jamestown could be considered the first American author with his works: A True Relation of Virginia (1608) and The General Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624) Other writers of this manner included Daniel Denton, Thomas Ashe, William Penn, George Percy, William Strachey, John Hammond, Daniel Coxe, Gabriel Thomas, and John LThe religious disputes that prompted settlement in America were also topics of early A journal written by John Winthrop discussed the religious foundations of the Massachusetts Bay C Edward Winslow also recorded a diary of the first years after the Mayflower's Other religiously influenced writers included Increase Mather and William Bradford, author of the journal published as a History of Plymouth Plantation, 1620– Others like Roger Williams and Nathaniel Ward more fiercely argued state and church Some poetry also Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor are especially Michael Wigglesworth wrote a best-selling poem, The Day of Doom, describing the time of Nicholas Noyes was also known for his doggerel Other early writings described conflicts and interaction with the Indians, as seen in writings by Daniel Gookin, Alexander Whitaker, John Mason, Benjamin Church, and Mary R John Eliot translated the Bible into the Algonquin Jonathan Edwards and Cotton Mather represented the Great Awakening, a religious revival in the early 18th century that asserted strict C Other Puritan and religious writers include Thomas Hooker, Thomas Shepard, Uriah Oakes, John Wise, and Samuel W Less strict and serious writers included Samuel Sewall, Sarah Kemble Knight, and William BThe revolutionary period also contained political writings, including those by colonists Samuel Adams, Josiah Quincy, John Dickinson, and Joseph Galloway, a loyalist to the Two key figures were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas P Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American Paine's pamphlet Common Sense and The American Crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the During the revolution itself, poems and songs such as "Yankee Doodle" and "Nathan Hale" were Major satirists included John Trumbull and Francis H Philip Morin Freneau also wrote poems about the war's Early US literatureIn the post-war period, The Federalist essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay prepresented a historical discussion of government organization and republican Thomas Jefferson's United States Declaration of Independence, his influence on the Constitution, his autobiography, the Notes on the State of Virginia, and the mass of his letters have led to him being considered one of the most talented early American Fisher Ames, James Otis, and Patrick Henry are also valued for their political writings and The first American novel is sometimes considered to be William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy (1789) Much of the early literature of the new nation struggled to find a uniquely American European forms and styles were often transferred to new locales and critics often saw them as For example, Wieland and other novels by Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) are often seen as imitations of the Gothic novels then being written in EUnique American styleWith the War of 1812 and an increasing desire to produce uniquely American work, a number of key new literary figures appeared, perhaps most prominently Washington Irving, William Cullen Bryant, James Fenimore Cooper, and Edgar Allan P Irving, often considered the first writer to develop a unique American style (although this is debated) wrote humorous works in Salmagundi and the well-known satire A History of New York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809) Bryant wrote early romantic and nature-inspired poetry, which evolved away from their European In 1835, Poe began writing short stories -- including The Masque of the Red Death, The Pit and the Pendulum, The Fall of the House of Usher, and The Murders in the Rue Morgue -- that explore previously hidden levels of human psychology and push the boundaries of fiction toward mystery and Cooper's Leatherstocking tales about Natty Bumppo were popular both in the new country and Humorous writers were also popular and included Seba Smith and Benjamin P Shillaber in New England and Davy Crockett, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, Johnson J Hooper, Thomas Bangs Thorpe, Joseph G Baldwin, and George Washington Harris writing about the American The New England Brahmins were a group of writers connected to Harvard University and its seat in Cambridge, M The core included James Russell Lowell, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, SIn 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), an ex-minister, published a startling nonfiction work called Nature, in which he claimed it was possible to dispense with organized religion and reach a lofty spiritual state by studying and responding to the natural His work influenced not only the writers who gathered around him, forming a movement known as Transcendentalism, but also the public, who heard him Emerson's most gifted fellow-thinker was perhaps Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), a resolute After living mostly by himself for two years in a cabin by a wooded pond, Thoreau wrote Walden, a book-length memoir that urges resistance to the meddlesome dictates of organized His radical writings express a deep-rooted tendency toward individualism in the American Other writers influenced by Transcendentalism were Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, George Ripley, Orestes Brownson, and Jones VThe political conflict surrounding Abolitionism inspired the writings of William Lloyd Garrison and his paper The Liberator, along with poet John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe in her world-famous Uncle Tom's CIn 1837, the young Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) collected some of his stories as Twice-Told Tales, a volume rich in symbolism and occult Hawthorne went on to write full-length "romances," quasi-allegorical novels that explore such themes as guilt, pride, and emotional repression in his native New E His masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter, is the stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing Hawthorne's fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville (1819-1891), who first made a name for himself by turning material from his seafaring days into exotic Inspired by Hawthorne's example, Melville went on to write novels rich in philosophical In Moby Dick, an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the In another fine work, the short novel Billy Budd, Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of His more profound books sold poorly, and he had been long forgotten by the time of his He was rediscovered in the early decades of the 20th Anti-transcendental works from Melville, Hawthorne, and Poe all comprise the Dark Romanticism subgenre of literature popular during this
论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita, the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze, an American, is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert, a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is, but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture, and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However, he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together, their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion, which he overtly links to art, history, and culture, and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually, Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty, who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis, and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic, logical In the foreword to Lolita, John Ray, J, PD, claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry, but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study, heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example, he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt, the headmistress of Lolita’s school, diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature, wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field, Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being, but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell, closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous, strange, and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry, and Lolita is, in a way, an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关,但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles, and, alienated from the societies with which they are familiar, they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America, while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together, they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient, belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open, unfamiliar territory, Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules, where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity, and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom, their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go, and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita, he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile, Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison, it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves, an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L
你连大纲都做好了，为什么不自己去百度一下拼拼凑凑也能凑出个两千字的文章啊！就算是选修课的作业，你这样也太懒了
论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita, the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze, an American, is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert, a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is, but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture, and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However, he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together, their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion, which he overtly links to art, history, and culture, and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually, Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty, who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis, and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic, logical In the foreword to Lolita, John Ray, J, PD, claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry, but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study, heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example, he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt, the headmistress of Lolita’s school, diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature, wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field, Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being, but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell, closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous, strange, and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry, and Lolita is, in a way, an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关,但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles, and, alienated from the societies with which they are familiar, they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America, while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together, they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient, belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open, unfamiliar territory, Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules, where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity, and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom, their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go, and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita, he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile, Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison, it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves, an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L
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American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial A For more specific discussions of poetry and theater, see Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United SOverviewDuring its early history, America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United S Therefore, its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader tradition of English However, unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and Colonial literatureSome of the earliest forms of American literature were pamphlets and writings extolling the benefits of the colonies to both a European and colonist John Smith of Jamestown could be considered the first American author with his works: A True Relation of Virginia (1608) and The General Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624) Other writers of this manner included Daniel Denton, Thomas Ashe, William Penn, George Percy, William Strachey, John Hammond, Daniel Coxe, Gabriel Thomas, and John LThe religious disputes that prompted settlement in America were also topics of early A journal written by John Winthrop discussed the religious foundations of the Massachusetts Bay C Edward Winslow also recorded a diary of the first years after the Mayflower's Other religiously influenced writers included Increase Mather and William Bradford, author of the journal published as a History of Plymouth Plantation, 1620– Others like Roger Williams and Nathaniel Ward more fiercely argued state and church Some poetry also Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor are especially Michael Wigglesworth wrote a best-selling poem, The Day of Doom, describing the time of Nicholas Noyes was also known for his doggerel Other early writings described conflicts and interaction with the Indians, as seen in writings by Daniel Gookin, Alexander Whitaker, John Mason, Benjamin Church, and Mary R John Eliot translated the Bible into the Algonquin Jonathan Edwards and Cotton Mather represented the Great Awakening, a religious revival in the early 18th century that asserted strict C Other Puritan and religious writers include Thomas Hooker, Thomas Shepard, Uriah Oakes, John Wise, and Samuel W Less strict and serious writers included Samuel Sewall, Sarah Kemble Knight, and William BThe revolutionary period also contained political writings, including those by colonists Samuel Adams, Josiah Quincy, John Dickinson, and Joseph Galloway, a loyalist to the Two key figures were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas P Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American Paine's pamphlet Common Sense and The American Crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the During the revolution itself, poems and songs such as "Yankee Doodle" and "Nathan Hale" were Major satirists included John Trumbull and Francis H Philip Morin Freneau also wrote poems about the war's Early US literatureIn the post-war period, The Federalist essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay prepresented a historical discussion of government organization and republican Thomas Jefferson's United States Declaration of Independence, his influence on the Constitution, his autobiography, the Notes on the State of Virginia, and the mass of his letters have led to him being considered one of the most talented early American Fisher Ames, James Otis, and Patrick Henry are also valued for their political writings and The first American novel is sometimes considered to be William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy (1789) Much of the early literature of the new nation struggled to find a uniquely American European forms and styles were often transferred to new locales and critics often saw them as For example, Wieland and other novels by Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) are often seen as imitations of the Gothic novels then being written in EUnique American styleWith the War of 1812 and an increasing desire to produce uniquely American work, a number of key new literary figures appeared, perhaps most prominently Washington Irving, William Cullen Bryant, James Fenimore Cooper, and Edgar Allan P Irving, often considered the first writer to develop a unique American style (although this is debated) wrote humorous works in Salmagundi and the well-known satire A History of New York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809) Bryant wrote early romantic and nature-inspired poetry, which evolved away from their European In 1835, Poe began writing short stories -- including The Masque of the Red Death, The Pit and the Pendulum, The Fall of the House of Usher, and The Murders in the Rue Morgue -- that explore previously hidden levels of human psychology and push the boundaries of fiction toward mystery and Cooper's Leatherstocking tales about Natty Bumppo were popular both in the new country and Humorous writers were also popular and included Seba Smith and Benjamin P Shillaber in New England and Davy Crockett, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, Johnson J Hooper, Thomas Bangs Thorpe, Joseph G Baldwin, and George Washington Harris writing about the American The New England Brahmins were a group of writers connected to Harvard University and its seat in Cambridge, M The core included James Russell Lowell, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, SIn 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), an ex-minister, published a startling nonfiction work called Nature, in which he claimed it was possible to dispense with organized religion and reach a lofty spiritual state by studying and responding to the natural His work influenced not only the writers who gathered around him, forming a movement known as Transcendentalism, but also the public, who heard him Emerson's most gifted fellow-thinker was perhaps Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), a resolute After living mostly by himself for two years in a cabin by a wooded pond, Thoreau wrote Walden, a book-length memoir that urges resistance to the meddlesome dictates of organized His radical writings express a deep-rooted tendency toward individualism in the American Other writers influenced by Transcendentalism were Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, George Ripley, Orestes Brownson, and Jones VThe political conflict surrounding Abolitionism inspired the writings of William Lloyd Garrison and his paper The Liberator, along with poet John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe in her world-famous Uncle Tom's CIn 1837, the young Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) collected some of his stories as Twice-Told Tales, a volume rich in symbolism and occult Hawthorne went on to write full-length "romances," quasi-allegorical novels that explore such themes as guilt, pride, and emotional repression in his native New E His masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter, is the stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing Hawthorne's fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville (1819-1891), who first made a name for himself by turning material from his seafaring days into exotic Inspired by Hawthorne's example, Melville went on to write novels rich in philosophical In Moby Dick, an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the In another fine work, the short novel Billy Budd, Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of His more profound books sold poorly, and he had been long forgotten by the time of his He was rediscovered in the early decades of the 20th Anti-transcendental works from Melville, Hawthorne, and Poe all comprise the Dark Romanticism subgenre of literature popular during this
英文还是中文阿？我有一篇讲澳大利亚Climate Change的，原创，英文的。
传承与嬗变-----美国浪漫主义文学浅说 浪漫主义思潮于1820年至1860年间在美国盛行。而此时欧洲的浪漫主义思潮已经趋于衰微，逐渐被现实主义思潮所代替。浪漫主义思潮在欧洲各国的发展也不尽相同，美国作为后起之秀对欧洲各国浪漫主义的吸纳表现出综合性的特征。在19世纪初期，英国浪漫主义诗歌曾在美国掀起一阵狂热，但是持续时间较短。20年代末德国浪漫主义思想经斯塔尔夫人、柯勒律治、托马斯�6�1卡莱尔的过滤介绍被美国大学学子视为经典，催生出美国浪漫主义的新生儿超验主义。然而超验主义对散文和诗歌的偏爱、对小说的排斥虽然代表了清教主义的正统思想，却不符合浪漫主义崇尚自由的思想，也无法吸引大众读者。此时随着美国经济的迅速发展，大众读者需要的是轻松、娱乐、想象性的读物，小说是他们的首选。美国作家面临艰难的处境：他们的作品既要拥有大量的读者，又要符合批评界的常识标准——真实。从洛克的经验哲学发展而来的常识哲学使得维护清教传统的美国人越发将事实和想象看成对立的两极，无法调和共存。美国小说家在创作过程中发现。他们无法创造绝对的真实，所以只能借助罗曼司已经获得的想象的诗学许可进行自由的创作。美国小说家对中世纪罗曼司中的爱情故事和超自然现象丝毫不感兴趣，他们唯一需要的是浪漫主义所崇尚的想象力和罗曼司所具有的自由表达想象的特权。浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，是美国文学史上最重要的时期。华盛顿�6�1欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》[2、3、4]是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期，所以也称为“美国的文艺复兴。” 19世纪初，美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖，以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样，强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式和观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人与普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖发幽古思情。美国社会的发展哺育了“一个伟大民族的文学”。年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱，很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期，到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。到十九世纪中叶，美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州，人口从1790年的四百万增至 1860年的三千万。在经济上，年轻的美国经历向工业的转化，影响所及不仅仅是城市，而且也包括农村。蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。另外，大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。政治上，民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想，产生了两党制。值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。随着独立的美国政府的成立，美国人民已感到需要有美国文学，表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民，与印第安人的遭遇，边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。这个年轻国家的文学富有想象，已产生了一种文学环境。报刊杂志如雨后春笋，出现了一大批文学读者，形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。 外国的，尤其是英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响。美国作家由于秉承了与英国一样的文化传统，形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。欧文 (Irving)、库柏(Cooper)，坡(Poe)，弗伦诺(Freneau)和布雷恩特(Bryant)一一反古典主义时期的文学样式和文学思潮， 开创了较新的小说和诗歌形式。这一时期大多数美国文学作品中，普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素，注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。美国作家特别注意感情的自由表达和人物的心理描写。作品中的主人公富有敏感激动的特质。注重表现个人和普通人是这一时期作品的强烈倾向，几乎成了美国的信仰。富雷诺、布雷思特和库柏等人的作品对客观自然的描写有强烈的兴趣。富雷诺在"帝国的废墟"主题中对过去情景的描写绘声绘色，布雷恩特对北美五大湖区的史前印第安人描述引人入胜，欧文对哈德逊河传说的巧加利用炉火纯青，库柏的长篇历史小说深入细致。总的来说，美国浪漫主义时期的文学上接英国文学传统，下开美国文学之风。 虽然美国文学受到外国文学的影响，但这一时期著名的文学作品表现的却是富有美国色彩的浪漫主义思想。“西部开拓”就是一个说明美国作家表现自己国家的恰好的例子。他们大量描述了美国本土的自然风光:原始的森林、广袤的平原、无际的草原、沧茫的大海、不一而足。这些自然景物成为人们品格的象征，形成了美国文学中离开尘世，心向自然的传统。这些传统在库柏的《皮袜子的故事》(Leather Stocking Tales〉、梭罗的《沃尔顿》 (Walden)以及后来马克�6�1吐温的《哈克贝里�6�1芬历险记》(Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn)中都得到了明显的表现。随着美国民族意识的增长，在小说、诗歌中美国人物都越来越明显地操本地方言，作品多表现农民、穷人、儿童以及没有文化的人，还有那些虽然没文化但心地高尚的红种人和白种人。美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大影响，在美国文学中也留下了明显的印迹。一个明显的表现就是，比起欧洲文学， 美国文学的道德倾向十分浓厚。在霍桑(Hawthorne)、梅尔维尔(Melville)以及其他一些小作家的作品中加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。该运动开始于19世纪30年代的新英格兰的先验主义俱乐部。本来，这个超验主义只是对新英格兰人提出来的。它是针对波士顿的唯一神教派的冷淡古板的理性主义而提的。而后来逐渐影响到全国，特别是在高级知识分子和文学界人士当中影响颇大，成为浪漫主义运动的核心。超验主义，它崇尚直觉，反对理性和权威，强调人有能力凭直觉直接认识真理，人能超越感觉获得知识。超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生(Emerson)[5]和梭罗(Henry Davd Thoreau)，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大影响。超验主义理论的奠基人是爱默生，他的《论自然》曾被称为超验主义理论的“圣经”。超验主义“承认人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。爱默生[5]曾说：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的。”超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。在诗歌方面，新英格兰地区比较出名的诗人有郎费罗，在波士顿有惠蒂诶，他的长诗《大雪封门》被称为“一部优美的新英格兰田园诗”。 这一时期涌现了许多作家，著名的有富雷诺(Philip Freneau)、布雷恩特(William Cullen Bryant)、郎费罗 (Henry Wordsworth Longfellow)、娄威尔(James Rassel Lowell)、惠特 (John Greenleaf Whitter〉、爱伦�6�1坡[6] (Edgar Ellen Poe)、以及惠特曼[2、3、4、8] (Walt Whitman)。19世纪最伟大的美国浪漫主义诗人是惠特曼，惠特曼1855年出版的《草叶集》[2、3、4、8](Leaves of Grass)是美国十九世纪最有影响的诗歌。《草叶集》[2、3、4、8]标志着美国文学进入了一个崭新的时代。另一位革新诗人是狄金森[7、8]，她被誉为美国20世纪新诗的先驱。浪漫主义时期两位最重要的小说家是霍桑和梅尔维尔，在浪漫派作家中埃德加�6�1爱伦�6�1坡[6]是第一位美国主张为艺术而艺术的人。美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性、多样性，有华盛顿�6�1欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说，有爱伦�6�1坡[6]的歌德式惊险故事，有库柏的边疆历险故事，有麦尔维尔长篇叙事，有霍桑的心理罗曼史，有戴维斯 (Rebecca Harding Davis)的社会现实小说。美国浪漫主义作家在人性的理解上也各自不同。爱默生、梭罗等超验主义者认为人类在自然中是神圣的，因此人类是可以完善的，但霍桑和麦尔维尔则认为人们在内心上都是罪人，因此需要道德力量来改善人性。《红字》[9]一书就典型地反映了这个观点。总之，美国浪漫主义文学在一定程度上与欧洲浪漫主义文学之间有衍生性，与启蒙思想相悖，强调感情、想象和主观性。但大部分美国浪漫主义文学作品还是典型的美国化作品。美国浪漫主义文学的特征与其产生的特定的社会、历史、文化背景渊源相关，反映了美利坚民族一个“真正全新的经历”、深受美国清教主义运动的影响、信仰个人主义和直觉的价值、追求民主与政治上的平等、强调“使命感”以及多样化的创作形式。