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有机化学英语论文Abstract In this work the effects of the microporosity and chemical surfaceof polymeric adsorbents on adsorptive properties of phenol Textural parameters of four kinds of polymeric resins namely AB-8 D4006 NKA-II and D16 resin were separately measuredby ASAP The surface chemistry of these polymeric resins was determined by means of inverse gaschromatography (IGC) and diffusereflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) Static equilibrium adsorption experiments were carried out to obtain theisotherms of phenol on the polymeric It was shown that NKA-II and AB-8 resin possessed relatively high BET surface areas andmicropore volumes while D4006 and D16 resin possessed comparatively low BET surface areas and micropore The results of IGCexperiments revealed that NKA-II resin had extraordinary high specific component of the free energy of adsorption both for polar acetone andbenzene probe and thus extraordinary strong surface polarity compared to the other polymeric It was also found that the isotherm ofphenol on NKA-II was much higher than that on the other polymeric resins due to its strongest surface polarity and largest micropore volumeamong four kinds of These experimental observations indicated that adsorption of phenol on the polymeric resins depended greatly ontheir microporosity and surface The well-developed microporosity and the strong surface polarity would improve the adsorptionof phenol on the polymeric 2004 Elsevier BV All rights Keywords: Polymeric resin; Phenol; Porosity; Surface chemistry; Inverse gas chromatography
100％正确非机器翻译铅的含量测定(II)用ICP(虹膜IntrepidαXSP热电公司、美国)。测量的pH值在pH计(MP220,Meterlo)。无机阶段的吸附剂确定用x射线衍射(Rigaku D / MAX2βA)。具体的面积是用氮气吸附法下的赌注,用硅Quantachrome QUADRASORB)。 来确定最佳初步汇总内容的碳量,初步汇总(05克)的初步汇总/碳纳米管与不同数量的初步汇总被引入,圆锥瓶100毫升的铅(II)溶液浓度变化(含)10-60毫克/升)pH值约0是补充。解决了2小时在一个固定的温度(25◦C)。这两个阶段分离过滤通过45μm微孔膜过滤。最后的铅浓度(II)中进行回顾性分析。解决剩余 这个平衡吸附capacitywas计算每个金属样品的铅(2)采用下列表达:质量是初步汇总/碳纳米管吸附能力(毫克/ g)、五样卷(l),(二)的铅浓度(毫克/升)、Ce均衡的铅(II)浓度(毫克/升),和m的重量,初步汇总/碳纳米管(g)。 初步汇总的数量和最大吸附容量大的初步汇总/碳纳米管发生被选为最优装载水平和保持不变。在接下来的adsorptions溶液的pH值在0,0和0被选出来学习的pH值影响铅(2)清除。 对于一个已知的均衡的研究,初步汇总/碳纳米管(05g)加到一个固定的样品溶液浓度变化(含10-60毫克/升),10毫克/升100毫升、pH值区间,0)。 样品制备了吸附动力学过程中加入1号到2000毫升初步汇总/碳(pH0),和铅(2)concentrationwas 30毫克/升,在预定的时间间隔298 样本,利用45μm滤膜,然后分析。 评估的热力学性质,首先,我们准备各种解决方案与最初的铅浓度(II)从10至60毫克/升,然后添加碳05g初步汇总每个方案。这些样本,然后摇动,在桃园连续2h 303、K 323。那些使用45μm过滤膜、filtrates用ICP测定。 1%。用x射线衍射分析和性能的影响,并初步汇总加载的水平 碳纳米管的表面积和初步汇总/碳纳米管都列在表1。装运后,小的孔宽度(初步汇总6nm)和更大的表面积(275m2 / g)进行了观察。这意味着一个潜在的更好的吸附。如图1、x射线衍射模式的原始的碳纳米管是由锋利的峰值和弱的顶峰。用x射线衍射模式的初步汇总/碳纳米管显示衍射模式的碳纳米管的结构,但展品包括一些明确晶体初步汇总(图峰。慢)。结果表明:初步汇总是一个non-stoichiometric、非晶相。
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不知道，随便给你一个疏水缔合型聚合物P(AMTA)溶液性质的研究疏水缔合型水溶性聚合物是指在聚合物亲水性大分子链上带有少量疏水基团的一类水溶性聚合物。在聚合物水溶液中，疏水基团之间由于憎水作用而发生聚集，使大分子链产生分子内和分子间缔合。在临界缔合质量分数以上，形成分子间缔合为主的超分子结构，增大了流体力学体积，故具有较好的增黏性。在盐溶液中，由于小分子电解质的加入增加了溶液极性，使疏水缔合作用增强，表现出明显的抗盐性质。 疏水缔合型水溶性高分子很难合成，且不易表征，把疏水部分连接到水溶性聚合物链上，一般采用胶束共聚合或者使用具有表面活性的大单体进行共聚，胶束聚合需要在体系中加入大量的表面活性剂，这就增加了后处理过程的复杂性。利用表面大单体共聚合，需要事先合成大单体，这方面的技术也有相当大的难度。作者采用丙烯酸十四酯作为疏水单体，直接用沉淀聚合法制备疏水缔合型聚合物P(AM／TA)共聚物，从而使共聚反应及其产物的后处理过程较为简单易行。并用凯达尔定氮法表征共聚物的组成，研究共聚物的溶液性能和对苯丙乳液的增稠性。 1实验 1．1试剂 丙烯酰胺(AM)，质量分数不少于985％，根据文献提供的方法提纯；N,N-甲基甲酰胺(DMF)，分析纯；甲醇、氯化钠，化学纯；丙烯酸十四酯(TA)，实验室自制；苯丙乳液由福建省福州树脂有限公司提供。 1．2P(AM/TA)共聚物的合成 称取一定量的AM和TA单体，用DMF溶解，转入三颈瓶中，通氮除氧。升温至80℃，加入引发剂反应4h，过滤，产物用甲醇洗涤多次，以除去未反应的单体。40℃真空干燥至恒重。 1．3分析测试 凯达尔定氮法测定共聚物的组成。用乌氏黏度计测定共聚物溶液特性黏度[η]，测试温度为(30±O1)℃。聚合物溶液表观黏度用NDJ-I型旋转黏度计测定。 2结果与讨论 2．1共聚物稀溶液性质不同疏水基团摩尔分数的P(AM／TA)共聚物在蒸馏水和w(NaCl)=5％的溶液中的特性黏度[η]值列于表1。 聚合物的[η]正比于溶液中大分子线团的流体力学体积，因而能反应大分子线团收敛、卷曲的程度。从表1可知，随共聚物的TA链节摩尔分数的增加，其水溶液的[η]值逐渐减小，在w(NaCl)=5％的溶液中也是持续减小。这是因为在稀溶液中，疏水基团缔合以分子内缔合为主，随着TA摩尔分数的增加，分子内缔合增强，导致分子链卷曲。在盐溶液中，由于离子电荷的作用，使疏水链节分子内缔合力增强，分子链收缩，因而[η]值也持续下降。 2．2疏水基团TA摩尔分数对聚合物溶液黏度的影响 图1和图2分别表示P(AM/TA)系列共聚物及PAM在蒸馏水和w(NaCl)=5％的溶液中表观黏度与聚合物质量分数的关系曲线。PAM溶液黏度随其质量分数的增加而平缓上升，而疏水共聚物溶液的质量分数为3O％～4O％时其黏度急剧增加，表明疏水基团聚集而导致分子间缔合，形成了物理交联网络。此时共聚物溶液的质量分数即是临界缔合的质量分数。如图1所示，随TA摩尔分数增加，共聚物溶液的黏度显著增加。当疏水基团摩尔分数较高时，其溶液黏度随质量分数增加的速度更快，共聚物的临界缔合质量分数降低。如图2所示，加入Nacl溶液后，溶液表观黏度有较大提高，如质量分数为O％的P(AM/TA)-1 5聚合物溶液在20℃，转速为6r／min时，黏度达OmPs，而在水溶液中的黏度只有374mPa·s。不同TA摩尔分数的聚合物的质量分数均较其在纯水中低。Hydrophobically associating polymer P (AMTA) the nature of the study solution Hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer is the hydrophilic polymer with a small amount of macromolecular chain hydrophobic group of a class of water-soluble Aqueous solution in the polymer, the hydrophobic groups and between the role as a result of hydrophobic aggregation occurred, so that large molecules have a molecular chain and inter-molecular Associating the critical mass fraction of the above, the formation of intermolecular association based supramolecular structure, increases the volume of fluid mechanics, it has good by In salt solution, because of the addition of small molecule electrolyte solution increased polarity, so that co-operation with enhanced hydrophobic association, shows that the nature of the Hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer-based synthesis is difficult and not easily characterized, in part to hydrophobic chains connected to the water-soluble polymer, the general use of micellar copolymerization, or the use of the large surfactant monomer to copolymerization, polymer micelles need in the system by adding a large number of surface-active agent, which, after an increase of the complexity of the The use of the surface monomer copolymerization, the need for prior synthesis of large monomer, this technology also has considerable Author tetradecyl acrylate used as a hydrophobic monomer, the direct use of precipitation polymerization Preparation of hydrophobically associating polymer P (AM / TA) copolymers, so that the product of copolymerization and post-processing is more simple and easy And characterization of nitrogen determination Kedar copolymer composition, study the solution properties of copolymers of styrene-acrylic emulsion and of the 1 Experimental 1 Reagents Acrylamide (AM), the mass fraction of not less than 985 percent, according to documents provided by purification methods; N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF),分析纯; methanol, sodium chloride, chemical pure; acrylic 10 four acetate (TA), laboratory-made; styrene-acrylic emulsion resin from Fuzhou in Fujian Province L 2P (AM / TA) Copolymer Check that a certain amount of monomer AM and TA, using DMF dissolved into three-neck bottle, pass oxygen Warming to 80 ℃, reaction by adding initiator 4h, filtering, washing the product several times with methanol to remove unreacted 40 ℃ vacuum drying to constant 3 Analysis and Testing Determination of nitrogen Kedar will be the composition of Determination of intrinsic viscosity with copolymer solution viscosity [η], the test temperature (30 ± O1) ℃ Apparent viscosity of polymer solution with NDJ-I-type rotary viscometer 2 Results and Discussion 1 Dilute Solution Properties of Copolymers of different mole fraction of hydrophobic groups of the P (AM / TA) copolymers in distilled water, and w (NaCl) = 5% of the solution intrinsic viscosity [η] values listed in Table Polymer [η] is proportional to the solution of the fluid dynamics of macromolecular coil volume, which can respond to the convergence coil macromolecules, the degree of We can see from Table 1, with the copolymer chain of the TA increase in mole fraction, the aqueous solution of [η] value decreases in w (NaCl) = 5% of the solution is continued to This is because in dilute solution, the hydrophobic group to intramolecular association based association, with the mole fraction of the increase in TA, to enhance intramolecular association, resulting in the molecular chain In salt solution, because of the role of ionic charge, so that intramolecular hydrophobic chain to enter into force enhancement, molecular chain contraction, so [η] value continued to TA hydrophobic group 2 mole fraction of polymer solution viscosity on the impact of figures 1 and 2, respectively, P (AM / TA) series of copolymers and PAM in distilled water, and w (NaCl) = 5% in the apparent viscosity of the solution and the relationship between the mass fraction of polymer PAM solution viscosity with the increase of mass fraction of gentle rise, and the hydrophobic copolymer solution for the mass fraction of 3O% ~ 4O%, when a sharp increase in viscosity, indicating that aggregation of hydrophobic groups and lead to intermolecular association, forming a physical crosslinking网络 At this point the mass fraction of copolymer solution that is the critical mass fraction of the As shown in Figure 1, with the mole fraction of TA increased, the viscosity of copolymer solution increased When the mole fraction of hydrophobic groups is high, the solution viscosity increases with the mass fraction of the faster, the critical aggregation copolymer mass fraction As shown in Figure 2, by adding Nacl solution, the solution has greatly enhanced apparent viscosity, such as the mass fraction of O% for the P (AM / TA) -1 5 polymer solution at 20 ℃, rotation speed 6r/min , the viscosity of OmPs, and viscosity in aqueous solution only 374mPa TA different mole fraction of the mass fraction of polymer in water were
要有足够的英语阅读理解能力和词汇量,要熟悉化学专业的一些基本知识和化学工艺过程
impossible between members of different species because genitals of males and females are structurally incompatible or because molecules on the surfaces of sperm and egg fail to A final type of prezygotic mechanism is temporal isolation, in which time-related environmental cues that trigger reproductive processes are different for related 有时，产生前合子隔离的差异涉及了隔离机制。即，由于生殖器结构不匹配或精卵分子表面不结合而使不同种群成员间不能自然结合。最后一类前合子机制是暂时隔离，与时间有关的环境因素触发了相关物种的不同繁殖过程。
Chemical nickel plating technology develops rapidly in recent years, and with the application of more and more fields of electronics, aviation, petroleum, chemical nickel plating technology will be developed Chemical plating nickel salt and the reducing agent in the solution of the redox reaction occurs, the Ni-P alloy coating was deposited on the surface of workpiece, and hydrogen Chemical nickel plating it except the workpiece can be wear resistance and good corrosion resistance, good performance and strong operability, coating thickness, good chemical stability and This paper from the reaction mechanism of chemical nickel plating, by changing the bath composition and composition, to determine the influence of velocity, deposition of Ni-P Layer nickel plating solution for the composition and corrosion resistance, porosity, hardness Also found in the experiment, the quality of coating and plating pretreatment, plating and post-plating process has the very big Through the test, and ultimately determine the optimal The formulation of the plating rate is about 12 μ m/h, copper sulfate drop experiment time is 101min, the porosity is 250 /, and test its The optimal formula of plating solution, loading capacity, the life of the plating solution and the bath maintenance were studied, which can be produced in industry
高吸水性树脂的应用不应该只限于作为卫生用品材料等,它也可以应用于固定酶,还可用于色谱和传感器。因此根据它所具有的特殊作用来探索其新用途,并应用于高科技领域将会迎来又一个销售高峰。吸水机理?高吸水性树脂的分类 我所研究的那一类是？具体一点我在这次实验中所要解决（或研究）的问题是？本设计的实验方案是？三、 文献综述国外发展情况 早在1958年，美国的迈诺和凯塞曼就研究了以硝酸铵为引发剂，将丙睛接枝到多糖上的反应。1974年美国农业部北方研究中心进一步研究并推广了此技术。此后世界各国对高吸水性树脂的品种，制造方法，性能和应用等方面进行了大量的研究，其中成效最大的是美国和日本。1975年美国研究开发成功淀粉—聚丙烯酸系高吸水性树脂并进入市场，从此高吸水性树脂便逐渐形成一个独立新兴的科研领域。对它的研发工作方兴未艾，尤其是日本后来居上。首先是日本三洋化成公司考虑到丙烯睛单体残留在聚合物中有毒性、不安全，于80年代提出了用放射线对各种氧化烯烃作交联处理，合成非离子型高吸水性树脂，其吸水性能力为2000倍，从而打开了合成非离子型高吸水性树脂的大门。对高吸水性树脂的应用研究是美国UCC公司最早(1973年)开始的，但是日本在1978年批准了高吸水性树脂应用于卫生用品，并最先(1981年)将它大规模地用于卫生用品。用它制作的卫生巾、纸尿布等不仅重量轻、吸液量大、保水性好，而且安全无毒，因此深受广大消费者的欢迎。由于日本、欧美等国纸尿布的迅速普及，高吸水性树脂的用量也相应猛增，各生产公司一方面竞相采用不同的原料、不同的合成工艺和合成方法，另一方面则纷纷扩大装置，提高生产能力。1980年全世界高吸水性树脂生产能力不足5kt/a;1989年，生产能力达到了207kt/a;1994年则达450kt/a;1996年高达846kt/a，开始出现供过于求的现象。针对这一状况，日本、欧美各高吸水性树脂大公司，一方面努力开拓国内市场，提高产品普及率，积极开拓新的应用领域。如日本用高吸水性树脂改造沙漠。另一方面，他们纷纷把目光投向国外市场。如今的日本，高吸水性树脂工业主要依赖高增长出口，这已成为其发展主要动力。从上述过程来看，日本在高吸水性树脂原料、工艺创新和应用方面大有后来居上的派头。 2000年全世界高吸水性树脂生产能力已超过1000kt/a，并以7～8%的速度递增。国内发展情况我国从80年代初开始了对吸水性树脂的研究工作，1985年北京化工研究院申请了国内第一项吸水性树脂专利，随后有二十多家科研单位从事此类产品的研究。约有20家企业建立了中试及小试生产装置，如：北京化学研究院、长春应化所、北京化学所、兰州化物所、抚顺化验院、吉林石化所、黑龙江石化所等。1994年无锡市海龙公司首先建立千吨级生产装置，吴江市浦江树脂厂、保定市科瀚树脂厂、唐山市博亚公司、吉林梨树酿酒总厂、廊坊广润化工公司、黑龙江北安旭光化工总厂等先后建成百吨至千吨级装置。1998年全国生产能力为6000t，实际产量1200t，科瀚厂首批出口2t。我国从20世纪80年代开始对高吸水性树脂进行研究,至今已有几十家单位从事高吸水性树脂的研究。自1991年开始使用吸水性树脂，1994年的用量约为1300t，1998年消费量约为6000t，2000年达到10000t。目前国内所需的吸水性树脂大部分从国外进口，特别是广东、福建、上海、山东等沿海地区和中外合资卫生制品公司。有消息报道，沿海地区通过各种渠道每年进口量可达5万t，进口售价为0万～5万元/t。国内吸水性树脂的生产成本一般在2万～5万元/t，市场售价为8万～2万元/t。目前，高吸水剂还处于起步发展阶段，尤其在基础理论方面研究还较少，国内众多文献还多只集中于研究其合成及其吸纯水性能，对树脂在盐溶液中吸收性能的研究则很少，尤其是吸水性树脂在吸水后的性能研究则更加欠缺。吸水机理高吸水性树脂在水中的溶胀过程，实际上是两种相反趋势的平衡过程。溶剂力图渗入高吸水性树脂的内部，使树脂体积膨胀，引起树脂的伸展;交联点之间的分子链的伸展降低了它的构象嫡，引起了分子网格的弹性收缩力，力图使交联网格收缩。当这两种相反倾向相互抵消时，就达到了溶胀平衡。高吸水性树脂是由三维空间构成的高聚物，它的吸水既有物理吸附，又有化学吸附。当水与高聚物表面接触时，有三种相互作用:一是水分子与高分子电负性强的氧原子形成键结合;二是水分子与疏水基团的相互作用;三是水分子与亲水基团的相互作用。高吸水性树脂在结构上是轻度交联的空间网络结构。由化学交联和树脂分子链间的相互缠绕的物理交联构成。吸水前，高分子长链相互靠拢缠在一起，彼此交联形成网状结构，从而达到整体上的紧固程度。高吸水性树脂可以看成是高分子电解质组成的离子网络和水的构成物。在这种离子网络中，存在着高分子电解质的离子组成的可移动的离子对。高吸水性树脂的吸水过程是一个很复杂的过程。吸水前，高分子网络是固态网束，未电离成离子对。当遇水时，亲水基与水分子的水合作用使高分子网束张展，产生网络内外离子浓度差。如高分子网络结构中有一定数量的亲水离子，就会在网络结构内外产生渗透压，水分子因渗透压作用向网络结构内渗透。同理，被吸附水中含有盐时，渗透压降低，吸水能力随之降低。由此可见，高分子网结构的亲水基离子是不可缺的，它起着张网作用，同时产生渗透功能。亲水离子对是高吸水性树脂能够完成吸水全过程的动力因素。高分子网结构持有大量的水合离子是影响高吸水性树脂吸水能力、加快吸水速度的另一个因素。高吸水性树脂的分类按原料来源分为：淀粉系高吸水性树脂、纤维素系高吸水性树脂、合成系高吸水性树脂、蛋白质系高吸水性树脂、共混与复合系高吸水性树脂、其他天然高分子化合物及其衍生物系高吸水性树脂。本论文中是以膨润土、丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺合成高吸水性树脂，属于共混与复合系高吸水性树脂。 高吸水性树脂的发展趋势随着高吸水性树脂性能的提高,应用范围也大大拓宽。它可以作为土壤保水剂应用在农、林方面,在土壤中添加少量的高吸水性树脂可以提高某些豆类的发芽率和抗旱能力,并能增加土壤的透气性;它可以作为增稠剂用于化妆品的乳液中,加入少量将使乳液粘度增加很大;它可以作为高吸水剂应用于纸尿布、卫生巾等卫生用品中,能抑制由于外压而逆渗出水现象的出现;它可以作为防雾薄膜、抗结露薄膜应用于新的包装材料,可以使食品保持应有的鲜度;它可以作为工业用脱水剂用于除去油和有机溶剂中的水分;它可以作为药物缓释剂应用于医学领域,有效控制药物释放;由于高吸水性树脂还具有无毒和可生物降解等优点,它将会愈来愈多的应用于工业、农业、医疗卫生和日常生活的各个领域。四、 拟解决的关键问题本论文以丙烯酸、丙烯酞胺和膨润土为主要原料，环己烷为分散介质，利用反相悬浮聚合的方法合成膨润土/聚丙烯酸钠/丙烯酞胺复合型的高吸水性树脂。具体的研究内容如下:(1)以丙烯酸、丙烯酞胺和蒙脱土矿物为主要原料，环己烷为分散介质，利用反相悬浮聚合的方法合成聚丙烯酸钠/丙烯酞胺/蒙脱土复合型的高吸水性树脂。(2)对丙烯酸中和度、引发剂用量、交联剂用量、单体用量配比、膨润土(钠基的和有机的)用量、温度等对产物吸水性能的影响进行了研究。(3)对最佳条件下所制得的产品进行吸液性能测试，主要是吸煤泥水倍率、重复吸水能力、恒定温度下保水能力测试等。
其实就是要你总结一下你引用或者查到的资料都讲了写什么，这些资料中都有那些观点，你研究的这个领域现在是一个什么情况，你自己总结一下，然后稍微展开一点，看你们有没有字数要求了。格式可以大致分3部分，1－概括说一下你研究的课题，2－查到的资料的总结3－你写这篇的角度，或如何运用资料等，没有定式啦
文献综述是在确定了选题后，在对选题所涉及的研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上，对该研究领域的研究现状（包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等）、新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理文献综述和评论，并提出自己的见解和研究思路而写成的一种不同于毕业论文的文体。它要求作者既要对所查阅资料的主要观点进行综合整理、陈述，还要根据自己的理解和认识，对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述和相应的评价，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 你可以检索一些文件，有些数据库里面可以找到相关的内容，如万方，维普等数据库。但是需要钱才可以下载哦。
Application of several catalysts such as lithium perchlorate, zinc chloride, pyridine, triethylamine, 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine in the preparation of t-butyl acetate via anhydride method was reviewed with 8 Hope you will find the translation
求翻译一篇英文化学文献Quantifying the Cluster of Differentiation 4 Receptor Density on Human T Lymphocytes Using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry 多反应监测质量光谱法应用于人类T淋巴细胞量化分化抗原簇4受体密度 ABSTRACT: Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) is an important glycoprotein containing four extracellular domains, a transmembrane portion and a short intracellular It locates on the surface of various types of immune cells and performs a critical role in multiple cellular functions such as signal amplification and activation of T It is well-known as a clinical cell surface protein marker for study of HIV progression and for defining the T helper cell population in immunological Moreover, CD4 protein has been used as a biological calibrator for quantification of other surface and intracellular However, flow cytometry, the conventional method of quantification of the CD4 density on the T cell surface depends on antibodies and has suffered from variables such as antibody clones, the fluorophore and conjugation chemistries, the fixation conditions, and the flow cytometric quantification methods In this study, we report the development of a highly reproducible nano liquid chromatography−multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry-based quantitative method to quantify the CD4 receptor density in units of copy number per cell on human CD4+ T The method utilizes stable isotope-labeled full-length standard CD4 as an internal standard to measure endogenous CD4 directly, without the use of The development of the mass spectrometry-based approach of CD4 protein quantification is important as a complementary strategy to validate the analysis from the cytometry-based conventional It also provides new support for quantitative understanding and advanced characterization of CD4 on CD4+ T 摘要：集群分化4(CD4)是一种重要的糖蛋白，它包含四个胞外区域,横跨膜的部分和短的细胞内尾巴。它位于各种类型免疫细胞的表面，在多种细胞功能中扮演重要角色，像细胞信号放大和激活的T细胞。众所周知的是作为研究艾滋病病程的临床细胞表面蛋白标记和在免疫学应用程序中定义辅助T细胞数量。除此之外，CD4细胞蛋白质也已被用作其他表面和胞内蛋白量化的生物校准器。但是，流式细胞，传统量化CD4 T细胞表面密度的方法取决于抗体和并且会受到像抗体克隆、荧光团和结合化学、固定条件以及以前流式细胞定量方法等变量带来的改变。在这项研究中，我们报道一种人类CD4 + T细胞中量化CD4受体密度在每个细胞的拷贝数的高度可再生的纳米液相色谱 - 多反应监测质谱为基础的定量方法的发展。该方法利用稳定同位素标记的全长标准CD4作为内部标准来直接衡量内源性CD4，而不需要使用抗体。 以CD4质谱为基础的蛋白定量方法的发展，作为一个重要的补充战略来验证分析以流式细胞仪为基础的传统方法。它还提供了定量的理解和CD4在CD4 + T细胞上高级鉴定的新支持。 Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) is a glycoprotein that locates on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic As a coreceptor, CD4 amplifies the signal generated by the T cell receptor, which is essential for activation of many molecules involved in the signaling cascade of an activated T In human T lymphocytes, CD4 receptor protein is encoded by the CD4 gene1and has four distinct extracellular domains (D1 to D4), a transmembrane portion, and a short intracellular 2The use of antihuman CD4 monoclonal antibodies generated against the four extracellular domains has been widely used to define T helper cells in Although the number of CD4+ T cells decreases in the progression of HIV-1 viral infection deriving from the gp120 viral protein binding to the CD4 receptor, Poncelet et reported that the surface CD4 density still remained constant on T helper cells of HIV-1 infected 3Since then, multiyear research has supported the theory that CD4 expression/density can be used as a biological calibrator for quantification of other surface and intracellular 4 分化4 （ CD4）的集群是一种糖蛋白，位于免疫细胞如T辅助细胞，单核细胞，巨噬细胞和树突状细胞的表面。作为一个辅助受体，CD4放大由T细胞受体产生的信号，它对很多分子的活化作用很重要包括信号级联激活T细胞。人类T淋巴细胞， CD4的受体蛋白质是由编码CD4 基因并且有四个不同的胞外结构域（D1到D4） ，跨膜部分和短的胞内尾巴。利用抗人CD4单克隆抗体在4各细胞外结构域的繁殖，已被广泛地被用于在免疫表型上定义辅助性T细胞。尽管CD4 + T细胞的数目在HIV -1病毒感染中减少，HIV -1病毒感染来源于病毒的gp120蛋白结合到CD4受体，蓬斯莱等。报告说，表面CD4的密度在艾滋病毒感染者的T辅助细胞上仍保持不变。从此以后，多年的研究支持了CD4表达/密度可用作生物校准器用于其它表面和细胞内蛋白质量化的这一理论。 Quantitative multicolor flow cytometry incorporating anti- bodies and a fluorescence detection method has played a critical role in clinical diagnostics and Though the ultimate objective of quantitative flow cytometry is to measure the number of antigens or ligand binding sites associated with a cell, the task is carried out by measuring the number of antibodies bound per cell (ABC) It is critically important to produce biological cell reference materials that bear well-characterized protein markers such as CD4 for the trans-formation of a calibrated linear fluorescence intensity scale of a flow cytometer channel to a biologically meaningful ABC 7The quality of the cytometric measurements is affected by variables such as antibody clones, the fluorophore and conjugation chemistries, the fixation conditions, and the flow cytometric quantification methods 4,8−11Hence, in addition to characterizing candidate reference cell preparations that use antibody-based cytometric methods,12it is necessary to develop a complementary approach to validate the absolute quantification of reference marker proteins such as CD4 without the use of 定量多色流式细胞结合体和荧光检测方法在临床诊断和免疫治疗中起到了至关重要的作用。虽然定量流式细胞仪最终目标是测量抗原或与细胞结合配体结合位点的数目，该任务的完成是通过测量每个细胞（ ABC）抗体结合的数目。这对于
Co-doped(Ba,Sr)TiO3单晶硅的成长和他们的表征
正巧我是学化学的。翻译：以生物质气为原料，Pd改善的Fe/HZSM-5为催化剂合成富含芳香化合物的汽油范围的碳氢化合物。PS汽油范围就是指碳数和汽油组分相当的那些碳氢化合物。