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浅探当代国际贸易新理论对我国对外贸易战略的启示在我国对外贸易规模不断扩大的今天，要想提高我国的国际竞争力，必须重视国际上20世纪70年代以后兴起的国际贸易新理论，实施创新的对外贸易战略，打造具有国际竞争优势的产业。本文通过研究当代国际贸易理论的新发展对我国外贸发展的启示，分析探讨了我国应该如何制定相应的政策，采取相应的对策来促进我国对外贸易的发展。一、当代国际贸易理论的新进展二战后随着科学技术的进步和生产力的不断发展，国际贸易的规模、商品结构和地区分布也发生了很大变化。经济学家在国际贸易理论研究中不断探索，20世纪70年代以来先后出现的影响较大的国际贸易新理论有以下几种：1、战略性贸易政策理论战略性贸易政策理论产生于2O世纪7O年代以来“新贸易保护主义”盛行的背景之下，由美国经济学家保罗·克鲁格曼等人于2O世纪8O年代中期提出，主要内容包括两方面：（1）以内部规模经济为基础的利润转移理论；（2）以外部规模经济为基础的外部经济理论。2、产业内贸易理论20世纪70年代格鲁贝尔和劳埃德等人开创了产业内贸易理论研究，到20世纪80年代初美国经济学家克鲁格曼进一步推动了这一理论的发展。该理论不同于侧重论述产业间贸易的传统贸易理论，代写毕业论文它侧重研究贸易双方在同一产业中既出口又进口同类异质产品的产业内贸易。在不完全竞争产业中，规模经济和产品差异是产业内贸易形成的决定因素。3、产品生命周期理论产品生命周期理论由美国销售学家弗农于1966年首先提出，经威尔斯、赫希哲等人不断完善。产品生命周期理论认为，由于技术创新和扩散，制成品和生物一样具有生命周期。产品生命周期包括五个阶段：(1)新生期；(2)成长期；(3)成熟期；(4)销售下降期；(5)让与期。4、国家竞争优势理论20世纪80年代以来，美国哈佛大学的迈克尔·波特提出并完善了国家竞争优势理论。国家竞争优势理论与传统比较优势理论和要素禀赋理论不同之处在于，该理论认为一个国家之所以能够兴旺发达，其根本原因在于该国的国际竞争优势，这种竞争优势源于一个相互增强的系统，在这个系统中，有四个关键因素影响一国在国际市场上建立和保持竞争优势的能力，这四个因素是：(1)生产要素；(2)国内需求；(3)相关产业；(4)企业战略、组织和竞争度。二、当代国际贸易新理论对我国对外贸易战略的启示1、积极转化国家的竞争优势比较优势是由一国资源禀赋和交易条件所决定的静态优势，是获取竞争优势的条件。竞争优势则是一种将潜在优势转化为现实优势的综合能力的作用结果。比较优势作为一种潜在优势，只有最终转化为竞争优势，才能形成真正的出口竞争力。根据生产要素禀赋，我国一直以来具有劳动力资源的比较优势，但是，在当今国际市场上劳动密集型产品的比较优势并不一定具有国际竞争优势。要确立把比较优势转换为竞争优势的外贸战略。2、高新技术产业发展至关重要由国际产品生命周期理论可以推知：创新国是国际贸易利益的最大获益者。这是因为：在产品的新生期和成长期，创新国以其技术优势垄断了国内和国际市场，因而可以获得大量超额垄断利润；在产品的成熟期进入所谓的“大规模生产”阶段，创新国可以获得巨额规模经济效益；在产品的销售下降期和让与期，创新国在国外投资建厂，输出其知识产权和品牌，延长其产品的生命周期，在国际市场上继续赚取利润。3、发展高层次产业内贸易是提高对外贸易竞争力的重要手段随着国际经济贸易的发展，产业内贸易在给各贸易国带来贸易利益的同时，Probe into New Theory of International Trade Implications of China Foreign Trade Strategy Growing scale of foreign trade in China today, in order to enhance China's international competitiveness, must pay attention to the international community 70 years after the 20th century Xingqi new theory of international trade, the implementation of the Duiwaimaoyi innovation strategy, create an international competitive advantage in the This paper studies the contemporary new development of international trade theory enlightenment for the development of China's foreign trade, analysis of how China should formulate corresponding policies and take corresponding measures to promote the development of China's foreign First, the contemporary theory of international trade, new progress After World War II with the scientific and technological progress and productivity of the continuous development of international trade size, structure and regional distribution of goods, great changes have taken Theory of international trade economist and continuously explore the 20th century, has emerged since the 70's influential new theory of international trade, the following: 1, Strategic Trade Policy Strategic trade policy arise from 7O 2O century since the "new trade protectionism," the prevalence of background, the US economist Paul Krugman, who in the mid 8O 2O century, proposed, mainly including two aspects : (1) internal economies of scale-based theory of profit transfer; (2) based on external economies of scale external economic 2, intra-industry trade theory 20th century 70s Grubel and Lloyd, who created the industry trade theory, to the early 20th century US economist Paul Krugman of 80 to further promote the development of this The theory is different from the focus on inter-industry trade paper the traditional trade theory, on behalf of my thesis research is focused on trade, both sides in the same industry, the export of products they import the same heterogeneous industry Not perfectly competitive industries, economies of scale and product differentiation is the formation of intra-industry trade 3, the product life cycle theory Product life cycle theory Sales Vernon by the United States first proposed in 1966 by Prince, He Xizhe and others Product life cycle theory, as technological innovation and diffusion, and biological products, like life- Product life cycle consists of five stages: (1) Neonatal; (2) growth stage; (3) maturity; (4) decline of sales; (5) for and 4, Competitive Advantage of Nations Since the 80s of the 20th century, Harvard's Michael Porter and improve the Competitive Advantage of N Competitive Advantage of Nations and the traditional theory of comparative advantage and factor endowments theory of difference is, the theory that a country has been able to flourish, and the fundamental reason is the country's international competitive advantage, this competitive advantage derived from a mutually reinforcing system, in this system, there are four key factors that affect a country in the international market, establish and maintain a competitive edge in the ability of these four factors are: (1) factors of production; (2) domestic demand; (3) related industries ; (4) business strategy, organizational and competitive Second, the contemporary theory of international trade on China's foreign trade strategy for new inspiration 1, the positive transformation of the national competitive advantage Comparative advantage in natural resources by a country and trading conditions determine the static strengths are the conditions for competitive Competitive advantage is a way to advantage the potential into real ability to effect the comprehensive Comparative advantage as a potential advantage, only the final into a competitive advantage, to form a real export According to the production factor endowment, along with China's comparative advantage in labor resources, but in today's international market, the comparative advantage of labor-intensive products do not necessarily have an international competitive To establish the comparative advantages into competitive advantages in foreign trade 2, high-tech industries vital to the development By the international product life cycle theory can be deduced: Innovation is the international trade interests of the country's biggest This is because: the product of Neonatal and growth, innovation and technical superiority of its state monopoly of domestic and international markets, and thus get a lot of excess monopoly profits; in product maturity into the so-called "mass production" stage, innovation States can get huge economies of scale; in product sales were down period and give and of innovation invest and build factories in foreign countries, the output of its intellectual property and brand to extend its product life Zhou Qi, in the international market continue to make a 3, the development of high-level intra-industry trade is to improve the competitiveness of an important means of foreign trade With the international economic and trade development, intra-industry trade in all trading nations to bring trade interests, 翻译为：
China's global current account surplus in 2006 appears likely to approach 8% of Chinese GDP The Chinese government, in its 2006-2010 five-year plan, has recognized the need to rebalance its Many have argued that an appreciation of the renminbi would help to achieve this How would an appreciation of the RMB affect Chinese exports and imports? As the IMF (2005) discusses, very few studies report the responsiveness of China's exports and imports to exchange rate This column reviews some work that looks into this question and then considers policy China's Bilateral Trade Surplus with the US China's bilateral surplus with the US is more politically charged than China's global trade The US Congress has proposed retaliatory action against China if it does not allow the RMB to appreciate against the Thorbecke (2006) has investigated how an appreciation of the RMB against the dollar would affect the China/US trade Using data on bilateral exports and imports between China and the US, he finds that there are stable long run (cointegrating) relationships between China's exports and imports with the US, the real exchange rate, and real He controls for competition between China and ASEAN in US markets by including a real exchange rate index for trade between ASEAN countries and the US The long run RMB exchange rate coefficients for both exports and imports are approximately equal to These coefficient estimates imply that if the RMB had been 10% stronger in 2005, the gap between nominal exports and nominal imports would have fallen from 11% to 10% of Chinese GDP Before concluding that the impact of an RMB appreciation would be trivial it is important to note that, because of the lack of bilateral trade prices, exports and imports in Thorbecke's paper were deflated by the US consumer price index (CPI) As he discusses, this implies that the true price elasticities of demand are larger than the estimated exchange rate Thus his results indicate that an appreciation of the renminbi would help to rebalance trade between China and the US China's Global Trade Surplus While politicians focus on bilateral exchange rates and bilateral trade balances, economists are more interested in global trade balances and multilateral exchange Marquez and Schindler (2006) have examined the effects of changes in the multilateral real RMB exchange rate on China's total exports and Using time series methods, they find that a 10% real appreciation of the RMB lowers the share of Chinese exports in world trade by one percentage point and the share of Chinese imports in world trade by two-tenths of a percentage 中国的GDP在全球的盈余在2006年似乎有可能接近8% 中国政府在其2006-2010年的5年计划里,已经认识到需要重新平衡其经济的重要性 许多人认为,人民币升值将有助于实现这一目标 如何将人民币升值后影响与中国出口和进口进行比较? 正如在国际货币基金组织(2005年)中的讨论,只有很少数的研究报告对中国的出口和进口,汇率的变动产生影响 这篇文章回顾了一些工作,并探讨了这个问题,然后又考虑其政策的影响 中国的双边贸易顺差与美国对华的双边盈余与美国在政治上,更加落后于中国的全球贸易盈余 在美国国会议员主张的报复行动中,如果没有让人民币升值,那么美元的比价将影响中国的地步 就贸易平衡,利用数据及双边进出口贸易问题中,美国人认为,有稳定的长期发展就不会影响两者之间的关系,中国的出口和进口,与美方实际汇率,实质收入成正比 他控制比赛的中国与东盟国家之间在美国市场上包括实际汇率指数为贸易 在东盟国家中,美国的长远来看,人民币汇率系数,双方出口和进口均约为 等于一 这些系数估计暗示,如果人民币一直10%强于2005年 差距名义出口和进口的名义将下降11%至10% ,中国的国内生产总值 在结束之前,影响人民币升值将琐碎很重要的一点是, 由于缺乏双边贸易价格 出口和进口thorbecke的文件都破灭了美国的消费价格指数( CPI ) 由于他讨论,这意味着真正的价格需求弹性大于估计汇率系数 因此他的研究表明,人民币升值,将有助于平衡两国贸易关系和美国 中国的全球贸易盈余,而政治家注重双边汇率以及双边贸易余额, 更感兴趣的是全球贸易的平衡和多边汇率稳定 马尔克斯和辛德勒( 2006 )曾研究变化的影响,在多边人民币实际汇率对中国总 出口和进口 使用时间序列方法后他们发现, 10%的实质,人民币升值降低了占中国外贸出口在世界贸易中的1个百分点,占进口中国产品在世界贸易中的双十一个百分点
国际贸易相关英语词汇accepting bank 承兑银行 adept 内行 adulterated 冒充物agreement 同意书 air parcel 航空邮包 amendment修正书area 面积 bankrupt 破产 beneficiary 受益人bilateral trade 双边贸易 bill of landing 提单 bill of exchange汇票billing 开发票 blind competition恶性竞争 boom 生意兴隆delay延误 shoes store 鞋子专卖店 breakage破损 air cargo 航空货运 certificate of origin原产地证明 bulk cargo 散装货discount折扣 business is inactive 市面萧条 buyer买主cancel 取消 can not afford 买不起 capacity 容积capture market 争取市场 certificate fee 签证费 certificate of inspection检验证claim 索赔 close 结关 close date 结关日close door 歇业 collection 托收 confirm 确认commercial credit 商用信用 commission 佣金 consignee 收货人consumer 消费者 contract 合约 container 货柜costprice 成本价 cost & freight 货运及运费 cost & insurance 货价及保险cost insurance & freight (CIF)成本保险费加运费价 counter 货柜台 counterfeit 仿冒 customer 顾客 customs 海关customer broker 报送行 dealer 贩卖商 deferred payment 延迟付款deficit 亏空 delivery date 交货期 deliver from go down 出仓department store 百货公司 depression 不景气 destination 目的地direct trade 直接贸易 distribution 分销 documentary 押汇documentary acceptance bill 承况汇单 documentary payment bill 付款汇单double check 复查 drawee 付款人 dumping 倾销enlarge 扩充 export 出口 exporter 出口商export declaration 出品申请书 faulty goods 劣足迹 foreign exchange 外汇free on board (FOB，离岸价) gross weight 毛重 handle with care 小心轻放horizontal competition 同业竞争 import 进口 importer 进口商import permit 进品许可证 indirect trade 间接进口 inquiry sheet 询价单inspector 验货员 inspection sheet 检验单 instalment 分期付款international trade foreign trade 国际贸易 invoice 发票limited price 限价 loading port 输出口岸 main mark 正唛manufacture 制造 marg in profit 利润 managenment 管理制度manufacturer 制造商 market 市价 mass production 大量生产multilateral trade 多边贸易 negotiated purchase 议价 netback price 厂价net weight 净重 no transshipment permitted 不准转运nominal price 标价 notary 公证人 offer 报价on board 已装船 only one price 不二价 open tender 公开投标order 订单 output 产量 packing list 包装单partialloss 部分损失 payee 收款人 penalty 违约金，罚金paying bank 付款银行 peak season 旺季 place of delivery 交货地点post office 邮局 price bargain 讨价还价 price cutting 减价，削价price list 价目表 process 流程 production control 生产管制proforma invoice（一般译为“形式发票”简写为“PI”） purchase 购买quality control 品质管制 received for shipment 待装船 reduced price 减价regular customer 老主顾 reorganization 改组 repacking 改装restricted tender 比价 resume business 复业 retail 零售returned check 退票 retailer 零售商 sale 销售rock bottom price 最低价 sale on credit 赊账 salesman 推销员sea port 港口 service 服务 segment delivery 分批交货shipper 货主 shipping advice 装船通知 shipping company 船务公司或海运公司 shipping date 装船日期 shipping dock 装船码头shipping document 装船文件 shoddy 粗制滥造 unpacking开箱shopping rush 抢购 shortage 缺量 yielding 获利show window 橱窗 slack season 淡季 special customs invoice 海关特种发票 specification 规格 standard brand 正牌子steady 稳定 stock 存货 stylist 款式设计师supplier 供应商 supply & demand 供求 terminal market 批发市场telegraphic transfer 电汇（T/T） time of delivery 交货日期 trade company 贸易公司travelers checks 旅行支票 title 抬头 top quality 上等货total loss 全部损失 trade mark 商标 trial order 试销货unfavorable trade balance 逆差 uniform invoice 统一发票 unilateral trade 单边贸易warehouse 仓库 unsaleable 滞结 upset price 底价useful load 装载量 wholesaler 批发商 letter of credit 信用状revocable letter of credit 取消信用状 irrevocable letter of credit 不可取消信用状sight letter of credit 即期信用状 usance letter of credit 远期信用状assignable letter credit 可转让信用状 unassignable letter of credit 不可转让信用状destination 到达口岸 export declaration 出口申请表 quotation form 行情表
一、电子商务对国际贸易的影响1（一） 电子商务的内涵与特点1（二） 电子商务对国际贸易的影响6二、中国发展电子商务的现状及存在的问题11（一）我国电子商务的发展现状11（二） 存在的问题12（三） 中国对外贸易的重新定位15三、中国利用电子商务促进对外贸易的策略17（一） 电子商务在出口贸易中的效益体现17（二）开拓新的国际市场要求发展无纸贸易17（三）迎接挑战的对策19结论23致谢24参考文献25附录一26附录二31摘 要在向信息经济世界的转变过程中，传统商务由于存在太多的弊端，已经不能胜任现时条件下的贸易环境。电子商务作为因特网技术发展日益成熟的直接结果，是未来商业发展的新方向。电子商务（Electronic Commence）是一种以电子数据交换EDI和Internet网上交易为主要内容的全新商务模式。其体现的开放性、全球性、地域性、低成本和高效率等内在特征，在符合商业经济内在要求的同时，还使其超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值。它不仅改变了企业本身的生产、经营、管理，而且对传统的贸易方式带来冲击。其最明显的标志就是增加了贸易机会、降低贸易成本、提高贸易效益。在带动经济结构变革的同时，对整个现代经济生活产生了巨大而且深远的影响。对此，中国作为经济正在发展的贸易大国，在电子商务的挑战之下，要同时面对其带来的压力和机遇，进行自我调整，以求跟上其快速变革的步伐。要大力发展电子商务，在今后的贸易竞争中占据主动，应拿出自己的举措，以赢得和发达国家站在同一起跑线上的机会。关键词 电子商务 数据交换 因特网 国际贸易AbstractIn the shifting to information economy, traditional commerce is out of the steps of time because of its lot As the direct result from the development of cyber internet technology, EC (Electronic Commerce) is the new direction of future EC includes EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and business on It is a definitely new business Its inner nature such as global, regional, low cost and high efficiency make it more valuable than its virtual value as a new business At the same time, it is also accord with demands from EC not only changes producing, management, but impact on traditional commerce The most obvious symbol is increase business opportunities, decrease of trading cost, and getting more business It leads profound affection to the whole economic life when it changes economic China wants to be a great developing trading It is necessary to act We need making strategy to face EC, to face the impact, the pressure and chances in order to control our foreign business Justify by us in order to follow EC steps in That is the right way for us to challenge with other developed Key word Electronic Commerce Electronic Data Interchange Internet International trading（三）中国对外贸易的重新定位中国的贸易必须在世界贸易从传统贸易向国际网络贸易转化中重新为自己定位，就是使中国贸易从传统贸易转化为网络贸易。为此，我们要积极推进中国贸易从传统贸易向国际网络贸易的革命性的转化，这一推进要通过市场与政府有效结合的方式来进行。值得指出的是，中国已经初步地“尝到了网络贸易的甜头”，1998年1~5月份，中国的出口本来应该受亚洲货币金融危机的影响而有较大幅度的下降，但是，1998年1~5月份中国的外贸进出口却保持着增长，据海关统计，1998年1~5月份，中国外贸进出口总值达1 9亿美元，比去年同期增长4%，其中出口1亿美元，增长6%，进口8%亿美元，增长5%，其中一个重要的决定因素就是，中国在1998年的春季广交会上，利用互联网向全球2 000多家外商发出了电子邮件，这使得在东南亚金融危机后的这次广交会的出席人数达5万人，为历年广交会人数最多的一次。在这次广交会上，中国同东南亚和韩国达成的交易额下降了60%，而同欧洲、美洲、中东、非洲的交易额则增长20%~30%。占中国出口四成的本次广交会出口成交额比上年增长10%以上。据海关统计，1998年1~4月份，中国对亚洲出口增长8%，对亚洲出口的比重比去年同期下降了6%，而对欧洲、美国、非洲、南美的出口却分别增长了6%、7%、9%、1%，它们占中国外贸出口的比重也有一定幅度的增加，很显然，中国外贸的这一变化是与对国际互联网电子邮件利用密切相关的。中国外经贸部宣布“中国商品市场”已于1998年7月8日正式进入因特网，它将成为目前因特网上最大的中国商品数据库，向外商展示中国商品信息，这为许多企业进入网络，提供了新机会。这一“中国商品市场”就利用网络发布信息这一形式而言，与中国已有的在网络上建立站点发布信息的企业一样。很明显，对于它们都有或将有从发布信息，深化到销售产品和以网络为基础的企业业务往来、企业间培训、客户培训、售后服务等商务活动的必要。这也是应该挖掘网络收益的一个取向，既要利用网络来捕捉更多的贸易机会，扩大市场的范围，又要通过网络来使得比较优势和竞争优势升级。另外，一定要注意网络安全问题。还有，也是至关重要的，中国应对网络贸易立法，且对已存在的对外贸易法进行修改。有理由相信，随着中国外贸逐步地从传统贸易转化为网络贸易，中国网络贸易的发展必然使中国的贸易呈现出一种新的局面英文是:With economic development and the progress of the times, people of the original concept of marriage constantly being challenged, while the concept of legal system is further Due to various reasons, divorce cases each year are on the rise, the husband and wife in a divorce case and deal with common property that has become increasingly difficult, reflected by the status of more and more important, it has a bearing on social stability and unity, and economic construction can proceed Debt Settlement of joint processing and housing is dealt with divorce, division of property compared the two main issues, the 2001 Marriage Law, promulgated and implemented the new sound of the old Marriage Law of the many deficiencies, but its institutional division of property in a divorce there are still some Therefore, the perfect family property system and properly handle the divorce, division of matrimonial property has strong practical
国际贸易相关英语词汇accepting bank 承兑银行 adept 内行 adulterated 冒充物agreement 同意书 air parcel 航空邮包 amendment修正书area 面积 bankrupt 破产 beneficiary 受益人bilateral trade 双边贸易 bill of landing 提单 bill of exchange汇票billing 开发票 blind competition恶性竞争 boom 生意兴隆delay延误 shoes store 鞋子专卖店 breakage破损 air cargo 航空货运 certificate of origin原产地证明 bulk cargo 散装货discount折扣 business is inactive 市面萧条 buyer买主cancel 取消 can not afford 买不起 capacity 容积capture market 争取市场 certificate fee 签证费 certificate of inspection检验证claim 索赔 close 结关 close date 结关日close door 歇业 collection 托收 confirm 确认commercial credit 商用信用 commission 佣金 consignee 收货人consumer 消费者 contract 合约 container 货柜costprice 成本价 cost & freight 货运及运费 cost & insurance 货价及保险cost insurance & freight (CIF)成本保险费加运费价 counter 货柜台 counterfeit 仿冒 customer 顾客 customs 海关customer broker 报送行 dealer 贩卖商 deferred payment 延迟付款deficit 亏空 delivery date 交货期 deliver from go down 出仓department store 百货公司 depression 不景气 destination 目的地direct trade 直接贸易 distribution 分销 documentary 押汇documentary acceptance bill 承况汇单 documentary payment bill 付款汇单double check 复查 drawee 付款人 dumping 倾销enlarge 扩充 export 出口 exporter 出口商export declaration 出品申请书 faulty goods 劣足迹 foreign exchange 外汇free on board (FOB，离岸价) gross weight 毛重 handle with care 小心轻放horizontal competition 同业竞争 import 进口 importer 进口商import permit 进品许可证 indirect trade 间接进口 inquiry sheet 询价单inspector 验货员 inspection sheet 检验单 instalment 分期付款international trade foreign trade 国际贸易 invoice 发票limited price 限价 loading port 输出口岸 main mark 正唛manufacture 制造 marg in profit 利润 managenment 管理制度manufacturer 制造商 market 市价 mass production 大量生产multilateral trade 多边贸易 negotiated purchase 议价 netback price 厂价net weight 净重 no transshipment permitted 不准转运nominal price 标价 notary 公证人 offer 报价on board 已装船 only one price 不二价 open tender 公开投标order 订单 output 产量 packing list 包装单partialloss 部分损失 payee 收款人 penalty 违约金，罚金paying bank 付款银行 peak season 旺季 place of delivery 交货地点post office 邮局 price bargain 讨价还价 price cutting 减价，削价price list 价目表 process 流程 production control 生产管制proforma invoice（一般译为“形式发票”简写为“PI”） purchase 购买quality control 品质管制 received for shipment 待装船 reduced price 减价regular customer 老主顾 reorganization 改组 repacking 改装restricted tender 比价 resume business 复业 retail 零售returned check 退票 retailer 零售商 sale 销售rock bottom price 最低价 sale on credit 赊账 salesman 推销员sea port 港口 service 服务 segment delivery 分批交货shipper 货主 shipping advice 装船通知 shipping company 船务公司或海运公司 shipping date 装船日期 shipping dock 装船码头shipping document 装船文件 shoddy 粗制滥造 unpacking开箱shopping rush 抢购 shortage 缺量 yielding 获利show window 橱窗 slack season 淡季 special customs invoice 海关特种发票 specification 规格 standard brand 正牌子steady 稳定 stock 存货 stylist 款式设计师supplier 供应商 supply & demand 供求 terminal market 批发市场telegraphic transfer 电汇（T/T） time of delivery 交货日期 trade company 贸易公司travelers checks 旅行支票 title 抬头 top quality 上等货total loss 全部损失 trade mark 商标 trial order 试销货unfavorable trade balance 逆差 uniform invoice 统一发票 unilateral trade 单边贸易warehouse 仓库 unsaleable 滞结 upset price 底价useful load 装载量 wholesaler 批发商 letter of credit 信用状revocable letter of credit 取消信用状 irrevocable letter of credit 不可取消信用状sight letter of credit 即期信用状 usance letter of credit 远期信用状assignable letter credit 可转让信用状 unassignable letter of credit 不可转让信用状destination 到达口岸 export declaration 出口申请表 quotation form 行情表
港口物流与对外贸易关系的实证分析——结论建议 （一）结论 通过建立VAR模型的分析，得出河北省的对外贸易和港口物流的发展之间关系密切，是相互促进的，实证分析更加清晰地刻画了两者之间的互动效应。首先，无论给哪一方一个增量，对另一方均有正向的提升影响；其次，港口物流的发展对对外贸易的即时作用明显，而对外贸易对港口物流的即时作用不明显，但是彼此之间的长期促进作用都非常明显；最后，就两者之间的相互依赖程度来说，目前，港口物流的发展对外贸的依赖程度要远远大于外贸对港口物流的依赖程度。这表明，河北对外贸易总额随港口物流发展而增长，河北物流业的发展对国际贸易繁荣具有推动作用；同理，积极发展对外贸易对推动港口物流增长具有积极作用。 （二）几点建议 大力发展集装箱运输方式，推进港口物流标准化体系，提高港口设施的现代化水平。现代港口应有强大的标准化作业能力，集装箱运输是各国采用的标准化运输方式，港口集装箱吞吐量不仅反映了港口转运货物能力，还直接反映了港口作为一个物流系统节点的现代化发展水平。再者，适应未来海运港口深水化、船舶大型化、设施标准化的趋势，要大力发展高效、便捷的现代化运输方式——集装箱运输。 上述材料分析表明，河北省有相当一部分由于进出口贸易形成的物流服务贸易被其他港口货物流企业分享，从而表现为进出口业务对港口物流的拉动作用还不显著，甚至由于国际贸易结构升级，物流服务要求内涵提升，对传统港口物流企业带来冲击，短期形成货源外流的现实。河北省作为北方地区港口大省，但代表港口现代化水平、具有强大产业聚集效应和经济社会大动作用的港口集装箱运输始终在低位徘徊。早在1984年秦皇岛港就开始了集装箱运输，但目前港口集装箱发展仍较为滞后。尽管自2005年以来，河北省沿海集装箱吞吐量以年均30%以上的速度高速增长，但总量规模仍在低位徘徊。2010年全省主要港口完成集装箱吞吐量8万TEU，占全国主要港口集装箱吞吐量的48%，环渤海港口群的75%，与天津、山东、辽宁等环渤海其他港口亿吨左右的集装箱吞吐量相比差距很大，与对外贸易在全国第10位的外贸发展总体水平不匹配。 采取措施加快加工贸易的发展，促进河北省对外贸易快速发展。加工贸易是近年来我国外贸增长最快的部分，占据了进出口总额的一半以上。河北省加工贸易规模小、技术水平低，尽管近几年发展迅速，但从全国外贸的发展势头看，河北省的对外贸易还处于中等水平。究其原因是河北省出口的主要是一些附加值低的加工产品，因此对区域经济的贡献度和对港口物流的拉动作用较弱。一是要充分利用秦皇岛、唐山出口加工区优势承接加工贸易的优惠政策和功能，引导大进大出的企业向区内集中，扩大加工贸易出口规模，尤其是机电产品和高新技术产品加工贸易的出口；二是利用环京津的区位优势，吸引跨国公司的研发机构到河北安家落户，引进和
一、电子商务对国际贸易的影响1（一） 电子商务的内涵与特点1（二） 电子商务对国际贸易的影响6二、中国发展电子商务的现状及存在的问题11（一）我国电子商务的发展现状11（二） 存在的问题12（三） 中国对外贸易的重新定位15三、中国利用电子商务促进对外贸易的策略17（一） 电子商务在出口贸易中的效益体现17（二）开拓新的国际市场要求发展无纸贸易17（三）迎接挑战的对策19结论23致谢24参考文献25附录一26附录二31摘 要在向信息经济世界的转变过程中，传统商务由于存在太多的弊端，已经不能胜任现时条件下的贸易环境。电子商务作为因特网技术发展日益成熟的直接结果，是未来商业发展的新方向。电子商务（Electronic Commence）是一种以电子数据交换EDI和Internet网上交易为主要内容的全新商务模式。其体现的开放性、全球性、地域性、低成本和高效率等内在特征，在符合商业经济内在要求的同时，还使其超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值。它不仅改变了企业本身的生产、经营、管理，而且对传统的贸易方式带来冲击。其最明显的标志就是增加了贸易机会、降低贸易成本、提高贸易效益。在带动经济结构变革的同时，对整个现代经济生活产生了巨大而且深远的影响。对此，中国作为经济正在发展的贸易大国，在电子商务的挑战之下，要同时面对其带来的压力和机遇，进行自我调整，以求跟上其快速变革的步伐。要大力发展电子商务，在今后的贸易竞争中占据主动，应拿出自己的举措，以赢得和发达国家站在同一起跑线上的机会。关键词 电子商务 数据交换 因特网 国际贸易AbstractIn the shifting to information economy, traditional commerce is out of the steps of time because of its lot As the direct result from the development of cyber internet technology, EC (Electronic Commerce) is the new direction of future EC includes EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and business on It is a definitely new business Its inner nature such as global, regional, low cost and high efficiency make it more valuable than its virtual value as a new business At the same time, it is also accord with demands from EC not only changes producing, management, but impact on traditional commerce The most obvious symbol is increase business opportunities, decrease of trading cost, and getting more business It leads profound affection to the whole economic life when it changes economic China wants to be a great developing trading It is necessary to act We need making strategy to face EC, to face the impact, the pressure and chances in order to control our foreign business Justify by us in order to follow EC steps in That is the right way for us to challenge with other developed Key word Electronic Commerce Electronic Data Interchange Internet International trading（三）中国对外贸易的重新定位中国的贸易必须在世界贸易从传统贸易向国际网络贸易转化中重新为自己定位，就是使中国贸易从传统贸易转化为网络贸易。为此，我们要积极推进中国贸易从传统贸易向国际网络贸易的革命性的转化，这一推进要通过市场与政府有效结合的方式来进行。值得指出的是，中国已经初步地“尝到了网络贸易的甜头”，1998年1~5月份，中国的出口本来应该受亚洲货币金融危机的影响而有较大幅度的下降，但是，1998年1~5月份中国的外贸进出口却保持着增长，据海关统计，1998年1~5月份，中国外贸进出口总值达1 9亿美元，比去年同期增长4%，其中出口1亿美元，增长6%，进口8%亿美元，增长5%，其中一个重要的决定因素就是，中国在1998年的春季广交会上，利用互联网向全球2 000多家外商发出了电子邮件，这使得在东南亚金融危机后的这次广交会的出席人数达5万人，为历年广交会人数最多的一次。在这次广交会上，中国同东南亚和韩国达成的交易额下降了60%，而同欧洲、美洲、中东、非洲的交易额则增长20%~30%。占中国出口四成的本次广交会出口成交额比上年增长10%以上。据海关统计，1998年1~4月份，中国对亚洲出口增长8%，对亚洲出口的比重比去年同期下降了6%，而对欧洲、美国、非洲、南美的出口却分别增长了6%、7%、9%、1%，它们占中国外贸出口的比重也有一定幅度的增加，很显然，中国外贸的这一变化是与对国际互联网电子邮件利用密切相关的。中国外经贸部宣布“中国商品市场”已于1998年7月8日正式进入因特网，它将成为目前因特网上最大的中国商品数据库，向外商展示中国商品信息，这为许多企业进入网络，提供了新机会。这一“中国商品市场”就利用网络发布信息这一形式而言，与中国已有的在网络上建立站点发布信息的企业一样。很明显，对于它们都有或将有从发布信息，深化到销售产品和以网络为基础的企业业务往来、企业间培训、客户培训、售后服务等商务活动的必要。这也是应该挖掘网络收益的一个取向，既要利用网络来捕捉更多的贸易机会，扩大市场的范围，又要通过网络来使得比较优势和竞争优势升级。另外，一定要注意网络安全问题。还有，也是至关重要的，中国应对网络贸易立法，且对已存在的对外贸易法进行修改。有理由相信，随着中国外贸逐步地从传统贸易转化为网络贸易，中国网络贸易的发展必然使中国的贸易呈现出一种新的局面英文是:With economic development and the progress of the times, people of the original concept of marriage constantly being challenged, while the concept of legal system is further Due to various reasons, divorce cases each year are on the rise, the husband and wife in a divorce case and deal with common property that has become increasingly difficult, reflected by the status of more and more important, it has a bearing on social stability and unity, and economic construction can proceed Debt Settlement of joint processing and housing is dealt with divorce, division of property compared the two main issues, the 2001 Marriage Law, promulgated and implemented the new sound of the old Marriage Law of the many deficiencies, but its institutional division of property in a divorce there are still some Therefore, the perfect family property system and properly handle the divorce, division of matrimonial property has strong practical
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浅探当代国际贸易新理论对我国对外贸易战略的启示在我国对外贸易规模不断扩大的今天，要想提高我国的国际竞争力，必须重视国际上20世纪70年代以后兴起的国际贸易新理论，实施创新的对外贸易战略，打造具有国际竞争优势的产业。本文通过研究当代国际贸易理论的新发展对我国外贸发展的启示，分析探讨了我国应该如何制定相应的政策，采取相应的对策来促进我国对外贸易的发展。一、当代国际贸易理论的新进展二战后随着科学技术的进步和生产力的不断发展，国际贸易的规模、商品结构和地区分布也发生了很大变化。经济学家在国际贸易理论研究中不断探索，20世纪70年代以来先后出现的影响较大的国际贸易新理论有以下几种：1、战略性贸易政策理论战略性贸易政策理论产生于2O世纪7O年代以来“新贸易保护主义”盛行的背景之下，由美国经济学家保罗·克鲁格曼等人于2O世纪8O年代中期提出，主要内容包括两方面：（1）以内部规模经济为基础的利润转移理论；（2）以外部规模经济为基础的外部经济理论。2、产业内贸易理论20世纪70年代格鲁贝尔和劳埃德等人开创了产业内贸易理论研究，到20世纪80年代初美国经济学家克鲁格曼进一步推动了这一理论的发展。该理论不同于侧重论述产业间贸易的传统贸易理论，代写毕业论文它侧重研究贸易双方在同一产业中既出口又进口同类异质产品的产业内贸易。在不完全竞争产业中，规模经济和产品差异是产业内贸易形成的决定因素。3、产品生命周期理论产品生命周期理论由美国销售学家弗农于1966年首先提出，经威尔斯、赫希哲等人不断完善。产品生命周期理论认为，由于技术创新和扩散，制成品和生物一样具有生命周期。产品生命周期包括五个阶段：(1)新生期；(2)成长期；(3)成熟期；(4)销售下降期；(5)让与期。4、国家竞争优势理论20世纪80年代以来，美国哈佛大学的迈克尔·波特提出并完善了国家竞争优势理论。国家竞争优势理论与传统比较优势理论和要素禀赋理论不同之处在于，该理论认为一个国家之所以能够兴旺发达，其根本原因在于该国的国际竞争优势，这种竞争优势源于一个相互增强的系统，在这个系统中，有四个关键因素影响一国在国际市场上建立和保持竞争优势的能力，这四个因素是：(1)生产要素；(2)国内需求；(3)相关产业；(4)企业战略、组织和竞争度。二、当代国际贸易新理论对我国对外贸易战略的启示1、积极转化国家的竞争优势比较优势是由一国资源禀赋和交易条件所决定的静态优势，是获取竞争优势的条件。竞争优势则是一种将潜在优势转化为现实优势的综合能力的作用结果。比较优势作为一种潜在优势，只有最终转化为竞争优势，才能形成真正的出口竞争力。根据生产要素禀赋，我国一直以来具有劳动力资源的比较优势，但是，在当今国际市场上劳动密集型产品的比较优势并不一定具有国际竞争优势。要确立把比较优势转换为竞争优势的外贸战略。2、高新技术产业发展至关重要由国际产品生命周期理论可以推知：创新国是国际贸易利益的最大获益者。这是因为：在产品的新生期和成长期，创新国以其技术优势垄断了国内和国际市场，因而可以获得大量超额垄断利润；在产品的成熟期进入所谓的“大规模生产”阶段，创新国可以获得巨额规模经济效益；在产品的销售下降期和让与期，创新国在国外投资建厂，输出其知识产权和品牌，延长其产品的生命周期，在国际市场上继续赚取利润。3、发展高层次产业内贸易是提高对外贸易竞争力的重要手段随着国际经济贸易的发展，产业内贸易在给各贸易国带来贸易利益的同时，Probe into New Theory of International Trade Implications of China Foreign Trade Strategy Growing scale of foreign trade in China today, in order to enhance China's international competitiveness, must pay attention to the international community 70 years after the 20th century Xingqi new theory of international trade, the implementation of the Duiwaimaoyi innovation strategy, create an international competitive advantage in the This paper studies the contemporary new development of international trade theory enlightenment for the development of China's foreign trade, analysis of how China should formulate corresponding policies and take corresponding measures to promote the development of China's foreign First, the contemporary theory of international trade, new progress After World War II with the scientific and technological progress and productivity of the continuous development of international trade size, structure and regional distribution of goods, great changes have taken Theory of international trade economist and continuously explore the 20th century, has emerged since the 70's influential new theory of international trade, the following: 1, Strategic Trade Policy Strategic trade policy arise from 7O 2O century since the "new trade protectionism," the prevalence of background, the US economist Paul Krugman, who in the mid 8O 2O century, proposed, mainly including two aspects : (1) internal economies of scale-based theory of profit transfer; (2) based on external economies of scale external economic 2, intra-industry trade theory 20th century 70s Grubel and Lloyd, who created the industry trade theory, to the early 20th century US economist Paul Krugman of 80 to further promote the development of this The theory is different from the focus on inter-industry trade paper the traditional trade theory, on behalf of my thesis research is focused on trade, both sides in the same industry, the export of products they import the same heterogeneous industry Not perfectly competitive industries, economies of scale and product differentiation is the formation of intra-industry trade 3, the product life cycle theory Product life cycle theory Sales Vernon by the United States first proposed in 1966 by Prince, He Xizhe and others Product life cycle theory, as technological innovation and diffusion, and biological products, like life- Product life cycle consists of five stages: (1) Neonatal; (2) growth stage; (3) maturity; (4) decline of sales; (5) for and 4, Competitive Advantage of Nations Since the 80s of the 20th century, Harvard's Michael Porter and improve the Competitive Advantage of N Competitive Advantage of Nations and the traditional theory of comparative advantage and factor endowments theory of difference is, the theory that a country has been able to flourish, and the fundamental reason is the country's international competitive advantage, this competitive advantage derived from a mutually reinforcing system, in this system, there are four key factors that affect a country in the international market, establish and maintain a competitive edge in the ability of these four factors are: (1) factors of production; (2) domestic demand; (3) related industries ; (4) business strategy, organizational and competitive Second, the contemporary theory of international trade on China's foreign trade strategy for new inspiration 1, the positive transformation of the national competitive advantage Comparative advantage in natural resources by a country and trading conditions determine the static strengths are the conditions for competitive Competitive advantage is a way to advantage the potential into real ability to effect the comprehensive Comparative advantage as a potential advantage, only the final into a competitive advantage, to form a real export According to the production factor endowment, along with China's comparative advantage in labor resources, but in today's international market, the comparative advantage of labor-intensive products do not necessarily have an international competitive To establish the comparative advantages into competitive advantages in foreign trade 2, high-tech industries vital to the development By the international product life cycle theory can be deduced: Innovation is the international trade interests of the country's biggest This is because: the product of Neonatal and growth, innovation and technical superiority of its state monopoly of domestic and international markets, and thus get a lot of excess monopoly profits; in product maturity into the so-called "mass production" stage, innovation States can get huge economies of scale; in product sales were down period and give and of innovation invest and build factories in foreign countries, the output of its intellectual property and brand to extend its product life Zhou Qi, in the international market continue to make a 3, the development of high-level intra-industry trade is to improve the competitiveness of an important means of foreign trade With the international economic and trade development, intra-industry trade in all trading nations to bring trade interests, 翻译为：
国际贸易相关英语词汇accepting bank 承兑银行 adept 内行 adulterated 冒充物agreement 同意书 air parcel 航空邮包 amendment修正书area 面积 bankrupt 破产 beneficiary 受益人bilateral trade 双边贸易 bill of landing 提单 bill of exchange汇票billing 开发票 blind competition恶性竞争 boom 生意兴隆delay延误 shoes store 鞋子专卖店 breakage破损 air cargo 航空货运 certificate of origin原产地证明 bulk cargo 散装货discount折扣 business is inactive 市面萧条 buyer买主cancel 取消 can not afford 买不起 capacity 容积capture market 争取市场 certificate fee 签证费 certificate of inspection检验证claim 索赔 close 结关 close date 结关日close door 歇业 collection 托收 confirm 确认commercial credit 商用信用 commission 佣金 consignee 收货人consumer 消费者 contract 合约 container 货柜costprice 成本价 cost & freight 货运及运费 cost & insurance 货价及保险cost insurance & freight (CIF)成本保险费加运费价 counter 货柜台 counterfeit 仿冒 customer 顾客 customs 海关customer broker 报送行 dealer 贩卖商 deferred payment 延迟付款deficit 亏空 delivery date 交货期 deliver from go down 出仓department store 百货公司 depression 不景气 destination 目的地direct trade 直接贸易 distribution 分销 documentary 押汇documentary acceptance bill 承况汇单 documentary payment bill 付款汇单double check 复查 drawee 付款人 dumping 倾销enlarge 扩充 export 出口 exporter 出口商export declaration 出品申请书 faulty goods 劣足迹 foreign exchange 外汇free on board (FOB，离岸价) gross weight 毛重 handle with care 小心轻放horizontal competition 同业竞争 import 进口 importer 进口商import permit 进品许可证 indirect trade 间接进口 inquiry sheet 询价单inspector 验货员 inspection sheet 检验单 instalment 分期付款international trade foreign trade 国际贸易 invoice 发票limited price 限价 loading port 输出口岸 main mark 正唛manufacture 制造 marg in profit 利润 managenment 管理制度manufacturer 制造商 market 市价 mass production 大量生产multilateral trade 多边贸易 negotiated purchase 议价 netback price 厂价net weight 净重 no transshipment permitted 不准转运nominal price 标价 notary 公证人 offer 报价on board 已装船 only one price 不二价 open tender 公开投标order 订单 output 产量 packing list 包装单partialloss 部分损失 payee 收款人 penalty 违约金，罚金paying bank 付款银行 peak season 旺季 place of delivery 交货地点post office 邮局 price bargain 讨价还价 price cutting 减价，削价price list 价目表 process 流程 production control 生产管制proforma invoice（一般译为“形式发票”简写为“PI”） purchase 购买quality control 品质管制 received for shipment 待装船 reduced price 减价regular customer 老主顾 reorganization 改组 repacking 改装restricted tender 比价 resume business 复业 retail 零售returned check 退票 retailer 零售商 sale 销售rock bottom price 最低价 sale on credit 赊账 salesman 推销员sea port 港口 service 服务 segment delivery 分批交货shipper 货主 shipping advice 装船通知 shipping company 船务公司或海运公司 shipping date 装船日期 shipping dock 装船码头shipping document 装船文件 shoddy 粗制滥造 unpacking开箱shopping rush 抢购 shortage 缺量 yielding 获利show window 橱窗 slack season 淡季 special customs invoice 海关特种发票 specification 规格 standard brand 正牌子steady 稳定 stock 存货 stylist 款式设计师supplier 供应商 supply & demand 供求 terminal market 批发市场telegraphic transfer 电汇（T/T） time of delivery 交货日期 trade company 贸易公司travelers checks 旅行支票 title 抬头 top quality 上等货total loss 全部损失 trade mark 商标 trial order 试销货unfavorable trade balance 逆差 uniform invoice 统一发票 unilateral trade 单边贸易warehouse 仓库 unsaleable 滞结 upset price 底价useful load 装载量 wholesaler 批发商 letter of credit 信用状revocable letter of credit 取消信用状 irrevocable letter of credit 不可取消信用状sight letter of credit 即期信用状 usance letter of credit 远期信用状assignable letter credit 可转让信用状 unassignable letter of credit 不可转让信用状destination 到达口岸 export declaration 出口申请表 quotation form 行情表
我说什么我不知道你说什么我不知道
China's global current account surplus in 2006 appears likely to approach 8% of Chinese GDP The Chinese government, in its 2006-2010 five-year plan, has recognized the need to rebalance its Many have argued that an appreciation of the renminbi would help to achieve this How would an appreciation of the RMB affect Chinese exports and imports? As the IMF (2005) discusses, very few studies report the responsiveness of China's exports and imports to exchange rate This column reviews some work that looks into this question and then considers policy China's Bilateral Trade Surplus with the US China's bilateral surplus with the US is more politically charged than China's global trade The US Congress has proposed retaliatory action against China if it does not allow the RMB to appreciate against the Thorbecke (2006) has investigated how an appreciation of the RMB against the dollar would affect the China/US trade Using data on bilateral exports and imports between China and the US, he finds that there are stable long run (cointegrating) relationships between China's exports and imports with the US, the real exchange rate, and real He controls for competition between China and ASEAN in US markets by including a real exchange rate index for trade between ASEAN countries and the US The long run RMB exchange rate coefficients for both exports and imports are approximately equal to These coefficient estimates imply that if the RMB had been 10% stronger in 2005, the gap between nominal exports and nominal imports would have fallen from 11% to 10% of Chinese GDP Before concluding that the impact of an RMB appreciation would be trivial it is important to note that, because of the lack of bilateral trade prices, exports and imports in Thorbecke's paper were deflated by the US consumer price index (CPI) As he discusses, this implies that the true price elasticities of demand are larger than the estimated exchange rate Thus his results indicate that an appreciation of the renminbi would help to rebalance trade between China and the US China's Global Trade Surplus While politicians focus on bilateral exchange rates and bilateral trade balances, economists are more interested in global trade balances and multilateral exchange Marquez and Schindler (2006) have examined the effects of changes in the multilateral real RMB exchange rate on China's total exports and Using time series methods, they find that a 10% real appreciation of the RMB lowers the share of Chinese exports in world trade by one percentage point and the share of Chinese imports in world trade by two-tenths of a percentage 中国的GDP在全球的盈余在2006年似乎有可能接近8% 中国政府在其2006-2010年的5年计划里,已经认识到需要重新平衡其经济的重要性 许多人认为,人民币升值将有助于实现这一目标 如何将人民币升值后影响与中国出口和进口进行比较? 正如在国际货币基金组织(2005年)中的讨论,只有很少数的研究报告对中国的出口和进口,汇率的变动产生影响 这篇文章回顾了一些工作,并探讨了这个问题,然后又考虑其政策的影响 中国的双边贸易顺差与美国对华的双边盈余与美国在政治上,更加落后于中国的全球贸易盈余 在美国国会议员主张的报复行动中,如果没有让人民币升值,那么美元的比价将影响中国的地步 就贸易平衡,利用数据及双边进出口贸易问题中,美国人认为,有稳定的长期发展就不会影响两者之间的关系,中国的出口和进口,与美方实际汇率,实质收入成正比 他控制比赛的中国与东盟国家之间在美国市场上包括实际汇率指数为贸易 在东盟国家中,美国的长远来看,人民币汇率系数,双方出口和进口均约为 等于一 这些系数估计暗示,如果人民币一直10%强于2005年 差距名义出口和进口的名义将下降11%至10% ,中国的国内生产总值 在结束之前,影响人民币升值将琐碎很重要的一点是, 由于缺乏双边贸易价格 出口和进口thorbecke的文件都破灭了美国的消费价格指数( CPI ) 由于他讨论,这意味着真正的价格需求弹性大于估计汇率系数 因此他的研究表明,人民币升值,将有助于平衡两国贸易关系和美国 中国的全球贸易盈余,而政治家注重双边汇率以及双边贸易余额, 更感兴趣的是全球贸易的平衡和多边汇率稳定 马尔克斯和辛德勒( 2006 )曾研究变化的影响,在多边人民币实际汇率对中国总 出口和进口 使用时间序列方法后他们发现, 10%的实质,人民币升值降低了占中国外贸出口在世界贸易中的1个百分点,占进口中国产品在世界贸易中的双十一个百分点