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自然界中具有重要经济价值的单矿物岩石和矿石极少，即使是单矿物岩，也含有各式各样的杂质。矿物本身的性质并非均可利用，矿物加工实际上是一个“抑制缺点、发挥优势”的过程。矿物加工工艺流程有四个阶段:①破碎－磨矿;②选矿－提纯;③超细粉碎;④表面改性。对特定矿物而言，上述流程并非需要完全完成，也并非需要遵照严格的先后顺序，可根据要加工的矿物和最终产品、经济和环境效益而定。破碎－磨矿破碎与磨矿是将矿物原料的粒度减小的作业，其中减小至5mm称为破碎，再细的粉碎作业称为磨矿。磨矿的细度要根据矿石的工艺矿物学研究结果和试验确定，其目的是使矿石中的有用矿物和脉石矿物达到单体解离，为后继的选矿作业供给合适粒度和形态的物料，或者为后续的超细粉碎提供合适粒度的物料，也可以直接提供一般的粉末产品。破碎与磨矿可能在空气介质(干法)和水介质(湿法)下作业，通常由破碎－筛分作业和磨矿－分级作业两个阶段进行。破碎机和筛分机多为联合作业，磨矿机与分级机常组成闭路循环。它们分别是组成破碎车间和磨选车间的主要机械设备。破碎设备有颚式破碎机、圆锥破碎机、辊式破碎机、冲击破碎机、锤式破碎机等，筛分设备有振动筛、隔条筛等。磨矿设备有球磨机、棒磨机、雷蒙机、柱磨机、高压辊磨机等。分级设备有机械分级机、水力分级机、分离分级机等。选矿－提纯选矿－提纯作业的目的是:①将矿石中有用矿物和脉石矿物相分离，富集有用矿物;②除去有用矿物中的有害杂质，使有用矿物得以纯化;③回收伴生的有用矿物，综合利用矿产资源。矿石经过选矿后，可得到精矿、中矿和尾矿三种产品。分选所得的有用矿物含量较高、适合于冶炼加工的最终产品，叫做精矿。选别过程中得到的中间的、尚需进一步处理的产品，叫做中矿。选别后，其中有用矿物含量很低、不需进一步处理(或技术经济上不适于进一步处理)的产品，叫做尾矿。最常用的选矿－提纯方法有:(1)重力选矿法(简称重选法)重选是根据相对密度(或密度)不同的矿物在介质(水、空气或重介质)中运动速度和运动轨迹的不同，而达到分选的方法。重力选矿法处理量大，简单可靠、成本低廉，它广泛用来选别稀有金属(钨、锡、钛、锆、铌、钽等)、贵金属(金、铂族)、黑色金属(铁、锰等)相对密度较大的金属矿物。也用于有色金属(铜、铅、锌等)的预选作业，非金属矿物也常用重选法(如石英与云母)。事实上水力分级、风力分级、洗矿作业也是重力选矿的特例。重选作业是在各种类型的重选设备中进行的，主要设备有跳汰机、摇床、离心选矿机、溜槽、重介质选矿机等。(2)浮游选矿法(简称浮选法)浮选亦称泡沫浮选，是根据矿物表面润湿性的不同，在矿浆中添加适当浮选药剂，在浮选机内搅拌与充气产生大量的弥散气泡附着在所选择的矿物上，借助泡沫的浮力上浮矿浆表面，使之与其他矿物分离。浮选法应用广泛，虽然磨矿细度要求高，选矿成本偏高，但选矿效率高，可用来处理绝大多数矿石。自然界仅少数矿物具有较好的天然可浮性(如石墨、自然硫、辉钼矿、滑石等)，大部分矿物的天然可浮性是比较差的。为了实现矿物的浮选分离，必须人为地控制矿物表面的润湿性质，扩大矿物间可浮性的差别。在浮选过程中，使用浮选药剂来改变矿物的表面性质，是控制矿物浮选行为的必要手段。通过采用浮选药剂可以使浮选工艺适用范围扩大，使之适用于大多数矿物。浮选药剂一般分为三类:捕收剂、起泡剂、调整剂。浮选设备有机械搅拌式浮选机、充气机械搅拌式浮选机、充(压)气式浮选机、气体析出式浮选机。(3)磁选法矿物分为强磁性矿物、弱磁性矿物和非磁性矿物。磁选是根据矿石中矿物磁性差异，在不均匀磁场中实现矿物分离的选矿方法。磁选多用于有磁性的黑色金属氧化物矿物，如磁铁矿、钒钛磁铁矿、赤铁矿、钛铁矿，也用于磁黄铁矿选矿。对于非金属矿物的磁选，主要是用于对杂质的去除，使所要的矿物得到纯化，如高岭石、霞石、长石通常要求氧化铁杂质含量低于某个数值(当然是越低越好)，磁选除铁成为一个经济高效地提纯方法。磁选设备分类方式多样，按磁源分永磁和电磁，按作业方式分干式和湿式，按选机形态有带式、筒式、辊式等，按磁强度和梯度可分为弱磁场磁选机、强磁场磁选机、高梯度磁选机。(4)化学选矿与化学提纯化学选矿是利用化学作用将矿石中的有用成分提取出来，或者将矿石或矿物中的有害杂质除去的方法，这种方法可以起到机械选矿方法难以达到的效果，但成本相对较高。化学选矿提纯法包括以下方法:焙烧、酸碱处理、浸出、溶剂萃取、离子交换、化学漂白等，且多种方法可以配合使用，或者与机械选矿法配合使用。例如:利用金、银能在水银和氰化物溶液中溶解的方法来提取矿石中的金、银;用硫酸浸取酸性氧化铜和自然铜，形成硫酸铜溶液用铁置换后生成海绵铜;将赤铁矿和褐铁矿与适量的碳混合后焙烧至570℃左右生成磁铁矿，再用磁选机选出精矿。对于非金属矿物，白度是一个重要指标，其致色原因是含有Fe2O3微粒且不能机械选出，可用连二亚硫酸钠将Fe3+还原成可溶性的硫酸亚铁而被除去，从而对矿物进行漂白。另外，还有根据矿物的导电性、摩擦系数、颜色和光泽等不同而进行选矿的方法，如电选法、摩擦选矿法、光电选矿法和手选法等。超细粉碎在非金属矿加工业中，一般将d97≥10μm(也有人定义为d90≥10μm)的粉体物料称为“超细粉体”。现在最新的磨机可生产25μm的超细粉末。超细粉体由于粒度细、纯度高、粒度分布窄、质量均匀、比表面积急剧增大、晶体内部缺陷减少，矿物表面甚至能生成一层非晶质层，因而具有一系列特殊的应用性能，如表面活性高、化学反应速度快、溶解度大、烧结温度低且烧结体强度高、作为复合材料补强性能好以及独特的电性、磁性、光学性能和流变性等等。超细粉体的应用始于第二次世界大战之后，尤其是近20年来，随着以信息技术、微电子、新材料、新能源、航空航天、生物、环保技术等为特征的现代高新技术产业的崛起，对超细粉体特殊性质的认识和超细粉体加工制备技术的长足发展，矿物超细粉体在现代工业和高技术新材料的相关领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。主要应用领域为高技术陶瓷、陶瓷釉料、微电子及信息材料、塑料、橡胶及复合材料填料、润滑剂及高温润滑材料、精细磨料及摩擦材料、造纸涂料及填料、油漆颜料及特种涂料、生物化学及药品材料、航空航天密封材料、化妆品等。迄今为止的超细粉碎方法主要是机械力方法，包括利用高速气流冲击的气流磨;利用高速机械回转冲击及剪切作用的冲击式超细粉碎机;利用摩擦研磨作用的搅拌球磨机、振动球磨机、旋转球磨机、行星磨;利用剪切力的胶体磨;利用压应力的高压辊磨机;以及利用高压射流冲击的射流粉碎机等。与超细粉碎紧密相伴的是超细粉体分级设备，该分级设备的作用一是提高粉碎效率、防止过磨，二是减少超细颗粒在粉碎过程中再次团聚，保证粉体的细度和粒度分布。超细粉体分级机分两类，一是干式的空气旋流分级机和涡轮式气流分级机，二是湿式的水力旋流器、卧式螺旋离心机和沉降式离心机等。表面改性矿物表面改性是指用物理、化学、机械等方法对矿物粉体表面进行处理，根据应用的需要有目的地改变粉体表面的物理化学性质，如表面晶体结构和官能团、表面能、表面润湿性、电性、表面吸附和反应特性等，以满足现代新材料、新工艺和新技术发展的需要。表面改性为开发矿物产品的性能、提高其使用价值和开拓应用领域提供了新的技术手段，对相关应用领域的发展具有重要的实际意义。因此，表面改性是当今非金属矿物最重要的深加工技术之一。在塑料、橡胶、胶粘剂等高分子材料工业及复合材料领域中，无机矿物填料占有很重要的地位。这些矿物填料，不仅可以降低材料的生产成本，还能提高材料的刚性、硬度、尺寸稳定性以及赋予材料某些特殊的物理化学性能，如耐腐蚀性、阻燃性和绝缘性等。但由于这些无机矿物填料与基质相容性差，因而难以在基质中均匀分散，直接或过多地填充往往容易导致材料的某些力学性能下降以及易脆化等缺点。因此，还必须对无机矿物表面改性，增强矿物与有机物基质的相容性，提高复合材料的综合性能。在大多数情况下，矿物表面性质的改变是依靠各种有机或无机化学物质(即表面改性剂)在粉体粒子表面的包覆或包膜来实现的。因此，在某种意义上来说，表面改性剂是矿物表面改性技术的关键。简单的酸碱处理可以改变某些矿物的表面性能，用无机酸(主要是硫酸或盐酸)处理蒙脱石(将钙基蒙脱石改变为钠基蒙脱石)、凹凸棒石、沸石等粘土矿物，可增强表面活性，提高吸附性能。矿物粉体表面改性剂有:钛酸酯偶联剂、硅烷偶联剂、锆铝酸盐偶联剂、有机锆偶联剂、有机硅、高级脂肪酸、高级胺盐、氯化石蜡、非离子表面活性剂;为了改善矿物粉体的光学性质，提高白度和遮盖力，有时需要在低折射率的矿物基底上镀上高折射率的化合物或人工矿物，如在白云母薄片上镀上二氧化钛镀层。学习指导本章是为矿物各论部分矿物“用途”部分的理解打下理论基础，对所要求学习掌握的矿物用途有较为明确的概念，增加对矿物观察、描述和鉴定的兴趣。本章要求对矿物加工的各个阶段有较为系统的理解，了解矿物破碎、磨矿、选矿、提纯、超细粉碎、表面改性的原理和方法。复习思考题举出三种同时具有金属矿物和非金属矿物属性的矿物，分别提出从中提取金属元素和制备矿物材料的方法。提出从煤系地层中的硬质高岭石制备一种或两种矿物材料的方法。矿物原料粉碎的施力方式有几种?矿物加工的实际意义是什么?其工艺流程主要分哪几个阶段?何谓冷加工?何谓热加工?两者加工性能和应用范围有何差别?
前景广阔！矿产资源是不可再生的，具有不可替代性，从最近几年的各种矿石的需求和价格在我们的一生中，这件作品的矿产资源，未来的职业前景，无限！
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因为字数超过一万字了 所以中文里稍微删减了一点 反正你是写英文的对吧 只看下面英文就行了 关于磁电选矿相关应用的论文 根据矿石中不同矿物的物理、化学性质，把矿石破碎磨细以后，采用重选法、浮选法、磁选法、电选法等，将有用矿物与脉石矿物分开，并使各种共生的有用矿物尽可能相互分离，除去或降低有害杂质，以获得冶炼或其他工业所需原料的过程。关于磁选设备的进展，已有若 别，在物料中加 选矿使有用组分富集，减少冶炼或其他加工过程中的燃料、运输等的消耗，使低品位的贫矿石能得到经济利用。选矿试验所得数据，是矿床评价及建厂设计的主要依据。 从脉石中有时从其他矿物中分选出金属矿物或有价值的别种矿物的机械加工方法 With regard to the application of magnetic beneficiation related papers According to the different mineral ores physical, chemical nature of the ore broken ground, the use of re-election law, flotation, magnetic separation method, electricity election law, will be useful minerals and gangue mineral separately, and a variety of symbiotic useful minerals as far as possible, separate, remove or reduce harmful impurities in order to obtain smelting or other industrial raw materials needed to With regard to the progress of magnetic separation equipment, are already a number of specialized assessment Reference 〔 'a 41, here only collected on a magnetic separation and information Comprehensive 1 weak magnetic characteristics of the progress of low intensity magnetic separation is to use High-performance chin iron boron magnets to create a higher field-strength magnetic drum Election machine, drum magnetic separator and pre-selection of large chunk magnetite Stone, the development is conducive to improve the concentrate grade of weak magnetic Chin iron boron magnets (Nd: Fel knife) is the largest energy product can be Tatsu 18X10 "(T A / m), about drilling alloy shirt (SmC) Maximum energy product (59X10 "T A / m) of z-fold [51, silver ferrite (S6Fe20,) the largest energy product (326X105T A / m) 10 Therefore, the use of Chin-Fe-B Magnetic Separator line easy to raise the field strength and Germany, for example, with hinge rod iron boron permanent magnet developed 'Permos' Drum magnetic separator magnetic induction of up to 4 ~ 5T, Materials can be used wet-dry election or an election can also be more ideal Strong magnetic separator used to remove material to a strong magnetic material Quality 〔6 ' British Boxmag - Rapid Rail Limited with hinge Boron magnets developed 'Magnadrum' Drum Separator Magnetic field up to 3 ~ 4T, for sorting industrial minerals And abrasive powder 〔 'J As equipment such as large-scale examples, I State Institute of Ma On Shan mine CTDG1210 following the development of large Diameter magnetic separator, he developed a greater CTDGIS16 type Diameter of the magnetic separator [3], the use of money-Fe-B magnetic system, cylinder surface-ping Both the magnetic field up to 4T, for sorting large magnetite S Anshan Black Design and Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Shandong Zhang 家洼cooperation in the development of iron ore a price 1400mmx1600 mm electromagnetic water-cooled magnetic pulley 【〕, the average magnetic field for the cylinder surface 24T, handling capacity up to 200t / h, used for pre-selection One of the magnetite 350mm stone, eight months from the original 667,000 t Excluding iron ore 97% of the 75,000 t tailings, a total increase Economic benefits of 534,200 In order to improve the sorting equipment The effect of the comprehensive utilization of mineral emei Institute conventional magnetic separation Trough improve magnetic 〔a re-election machine,〕 its groove from the upper body cone Cylindrical-shaped change, permanent magnetic ferrite by the lower part of Round Tower Shape changed to the upper part of the overall magnetic lines scattered formation of multi-storey circular magnetic system, Field strength distribution of 12 ~ 0kA / m, and equipped with the concentration of self - Control system can be sub-constituency pulp concentration of control in 30% ~ Between 35 percent, the device in the application of Shougang Qian'an Iron effect Fruit is: with the improvement of processes, improved sorting tablets Degrees, with the previous fine sieve fine grinding process compared to that in mill Capacity, concentrate grade and iron recovery under the same conditions, Increased the production capacity of 66% This equipment has been developed For the price 300,600,1500,1800,2500 mm Series P In order to improve the concentrate grade, Beijing Mining and Metallurgical Research total Hospital developed a Bk a drum magnetic field more than 1021 〔Kawasaki It adopted a very open 7 magnetic lines and downstream type election Box, fill in the election together with me in Central and exclusive premium coarse tailings, Feeder terminal located in the overflow weir and exclusive fine-grained tailings, so that shipped with the tube Line of magnetic material has always been the reverse flow of clean Achieve the purpose of concentrate The aircraft in Nanfen Iron Mine Concentrator industrial test results show that with the price 105Ommx 21OOmm half compared to current-type magnetic separator, a high concentrate grade 04 percent, sorting efficiency 28%, while the magnetic iron back Low yield of only 19 It is worth noting that the former Soviet Union to study electrochemical Law regulating the process of strengthening the magnetic 'K Research in the laboratory do Set of refractory ores and oxide ores, the first paragraph of the low intensity magnetic separation Before using the electrode of the role of the most promising, concentrate grade will be provided as 1% ~ 1,4%, iron recovery rate of 5 percent raise, 4 %, Weak magnetic separation tailings in strong magnetic regulated before, iron And improve the recovery rate of l%, 4% Easy selection of ore, Polarization effect, the first and the second paragraph of the magnetic iron recovery Rates were increased by only 2%, 8% and 1% ~ 2 C It is believed that the effect is due to the different nature of the ore, magnetic Of different intensity and mineral Also as a result of ore oxygen Substances fixed potential value and exchange current value and restore the cathode Response to the current limit of different 2 Strong magnetic strong magnetic equipment were limited mainly to Permanent magnet and electromagnetic roller or belt strong magnetic Britain Rapid L BOxmag with a hinge iron boron permanent magnet system Creating a 'Magnaroll' Roll Magnetic Separator [ '〕, including the roll diameter Gong Gong 75mm and 100mm in two specifications, respectively, for the Office The rationale for fine-grained and coarse-grained It is expected to pass an area of the magnetic field Often for the 9 ~ 0T, and loop generated by the high gradient, Sorting performance roller magnetic induction machine is superior, the typical application Including the purification of silica sand and feldspar, improve the quality and Tao Andalusite Fine porcelain material dry The former Soviet Union developed a rotating magnetic Field Separator roller 〔 ',,, also known as electric sorting The Main loser is expected by the belt and with the following configuration and with parallel Constitute a permanent magnet Magnetic roller by the permanent magnet composed of three parts, in Permanent magnet poles of the Ministry of Law and roll to the vertical axis, before and after the permanent magnet Body of law to the magnetic axis and roll into a 45 "angle, forming the same level Face in three directions of the magnetic field, magnetic field for the roll surface 45T Points Electoral principle is the use of non-magnetic conductive particles in rotating magnetic roller Rotating magnetic field generated by the driving force for transforming the role of pay and non-derivative Xinhua particle separation of aircraft being used for non-ferrous metal processing residue from Recovery of scrap and waste aluminum, copper and other metal particles, conductor production Purity and recovery of goods are up more than 94 China's Ma Hill Mining Research Institute, following the development of Cs-1-type roller magnetic separator After the development of a Cs-2 electromagnetic induction strong magnetic roller Machine 〔''], the roll diameter and effective length of 380mm were smart And 1468mm, parallel twin-roll configuration, with a total of four sub-election, Magnetic field can be between 4 ~ 78T regulation, excitation, Chuan Actin and were air-cooled power 23kw, 13xZkw and 09 justice Z The aircraft used in Meishan Iron sorting 12 ~ Chek Ling ZMM one of the indicators of iron ore is iron ore 40%, the concentrate grade and recoveries were 05% and 75%, a single-year cost-effective equipment For 630,000 With different roller magnetic Ferromagnetism with teeth Board or the ball wet media as a result of strong magnetic separator structure is complicated, High cost, coupled with the type of large development remains is to promote Applications and improve and SHP a strong magnetic separator 2000 In Qidashan Iron Ore has been applied 〔'' ', SQC-6 - 2770-type strong magnetic separator in Masteel satisfied people Gushan Iron Mine production flow Cheng, Gong-1500 Shuangli Central strong magnetic separator further in Kunming Steel By the popularization and application of 〔'5] SHP-keung, a 3200-type magnetic separator The improvements include 〔'']: magnetic angle from 83 "to , Magnetizing Coil replaced by the air-cooled, such as oil- Rather meaningful is that Queensland Steel plate medium level of tooth ring magnetic separator and the ball vertical ring magnetic media Machine with the same test sample were compared [1 '〕, the results of table That the tooth plate flat ring of iron concentrate grade and recoveries were About 4% and 8%, but the vertical ring-type magnetic properties as a result of the reverse flushing Material, which is not easy to plug for the screening, the following rough, rinse water Pressure and lack of strict water quality requirements, more reliable 3 HGMS in the magnetic field of high gradient magnetic Study of the election is still occupies an important position, and made significant Jin E Svoboda described a new type of high gradient magnetic separator I''〕 plane, the aircraft using short-term water-cooled magnetic coil system, the magnetic field for ZT, input power 110kw, from South Africa University of the Witwatersrand gold and uranium tailings recovery, capacity 30t / Former The Soviet Union the new joint company克里沃罗格selection and black metal Beneficiation Research Institute developed a 600-type 3KM small magnetic Sorting machine 〔 'Lu' Kai loaded aircraft using electromagnetic magnetic lines and mesh 135 ~ x51 ~ punching screen for sorting media magnetic induction for the 5T, processing capacity of up to 30Ot / h, for Enterovirus 95 to deal with a fineness of 045 N edge of the iron oxide stone R Copper-rich Zambia's high gradient magnetic separator to To the attention recently with the background magnetic field 3T, sorting cans foot Inch 23mmx32mmx104mm (effective volume 42ml, Filling 5% 50 ~ 10, that is, steel wool m high horizontal magnetic field gradient Magnetic devices, to 5 ~ 38 al m ore of copper concentrate and made Experimental research on t ',', in the feed flow rate of 7cm / s and cleaning velocity 14cm / s under the conditions of separation twice before a magnetic products Chalcopyrite and bornite content from 72 to 86 percent called back The yield was 82%; after a magnetic products, copper content From 16% Increased to 44 percent, and the recovery was 72 In China, HGMS who has been cross-industrial applications period, workers from China and South Africa Industry, universities and Ganzhou, Jiangxi Institute of cooperation in the development of nonferrous metallurgy The SLON a 1000 vertical ring pulsating high gradient magnetic separator has been The development of a r500 type SLON 〔 ' ', Its diameter by sorting 1ooomm to 150omm, mail handling capacity t / h to 30t / h, and structural improvements, performance has increased, the first Taiwan SLON a 1500-type magnetic separator installed in 1989 regardless Mountain iron ore, to deal with slime and strong magnetic separation tailings, such as fine-grained Refractory Mixed materials, the original estimated annual economic benefit is 06 million yuan'''', Inter reached 08 million Passed technical appraisal in 1990 after The mine has ordered a 1500-type SLON a pulsating high ladder Separator The past two years, also iron ore and copper Gongchangling Copper applications were recorded in the five and a one SLON 1500 vertical ring pulsating high gradient magnetic On the pulse of high-Ossetia Magnetic principle degrees were also made to further explore 〔 "] Zhongnan Engineering Industry University of Pangushan Tungsten fine mud of pulsating high gradient magnetic separator test A post-mortem studies also received a good indicator of 'Chuan: containing the WO74% Tungsten fine mud at the right time under the conditions of separation, to be with WO3 Volume of 90 percent and 78 percent recovery rate of Scheelite; and non - Pulsating high gradient magnetic separator compared to the high concentrate grade 99%, The recovery rate was only 09 percent By the Central South University and aldehyde hills Municipal Science and Technology Development Center, developed in cooperation CL Kazunori 500mm Vibration cycle high gradient magnetic separator''〔 "to fill China's high Ridge soil HGMS It's tank tracks and well-differentiated Do not for 500mm and 300mm, the magnetic field up to ZT, power consumption About 220kw, handling about Zt / Industrial tests showed that It's exciting and good cooling performance, can effectively remove high Ridge soil micro-paramagnetic iron particles, a significant increase in high - Ridge soil and into a white porcelain, can produce better economic and social E On the high gradient magnetic separation theory, since 1973 Watson made a number of magnetic particle collector concept 〔25 'have been Established a fairly complete theory of magnetic Recently, Svoboda, who according to the energy point of view to explore the high gradient New theory of magnetic collector 〔26] In his view, the paramagnetic particles in High gradient magnetic field and magnetic wire trap with a collision with Some of the overall role in a London for the role of van der Waals energy, double - Layer energy, with an average energy and shear stress on the particles Zuogong And of and derived by medium particle collector wire radius (Limited to particle size) and particle magnetization coefficient, strong magnetic field Degrees, medium wire magnetization and radius, fluid velocity and density Degrees and the viscous coefficient of the 4 superconducting magnetic superconducting magnetic separation has been into the large-scale chemical Industry application Eriez Magnetic company, following the United States in 1986 Will be re-25 leaves, a diameter of 2134mm Tank superconducting magnetic separator J M Huber Corporation for kaolin processing plant purification of high - Ling soil after less than a year, the same company also ordered a Re-250t, the diameter of 3048 blade n Magic a similar superconducting high gradient Separator 〔Sichuan, when the aircraft is being created, he ordered Third such equipment, according to plan was the first quarter of 1990 Degrees installation This is the world's largest superconducting magnetic separation Machines, superconducting magnet with a Nb叭Wirewound system, liquid helium cooling To a 269 ℃, only the beginning of each cycle supply excitation Current, in 60 seconds, zero magnetic field can be increased to ZT, Ran After having been able to maintain foreign to ZT magnetic field, weeks at the end of clearance Closed, the magnets' return 'of power is about to start when the' through to ' Half The cost of superconducting magnetic than ordinary high gradient magnetic Slightly more elections, the second piece of equipment production costs than the first Taiwan slightly Germany KHD Humboldt has韦达格 Will be a superconducting Descos sold Drum Separator Turkey Its 〔:'3, used to a weak magnetic serpentine gangue and magnesium Mineral separation, ore particle size of 100 ~ 4 magic n , Containing about 5102 20%, FeZ034 intestines, including stem-election once was 510:5 % And Fe: O, 3% of magnesite concentrate Aircraft Specifications for the price 120OmmxI500mm, the magnetic field up to 2 T, the handling capacity of 10 belly / h, power consumption is about skw h / t, Is one of the world's first for the coarse-grained superconducting magnetic separation M Now expect the 'high temperature' superconductors to develop third-generation super - Magnetic sorting machine "' 2 electric election Kelly and Spottiswood three papers with a comprehensive Review of the theory of The first review of the basis of principle, Including electrostatics; particle characteristics, namely, particle conductivity (Band theory, electron capture and other forms of electrical conductivity), The surface of semiconductor electronics in nature: particles or metal contacts The equivalent circuit, fluid particle The second assessment Describes the measurement of electrical particles and particle charge Xinhua Electric field measurement, including measurement, Dutch power measurement, contact charge Cumulative volume measurement and conductivity Dutch electrical particles rationale package Including corona charging, induction charging, friction charge, charge rate, Coehn The third review of the practice of electrostatic beneficiation, Including electrostatic concentrator theoretical analysis (stress analysis), Static Xinhua concentrator analysis of the experience, equipment parameters, sorting circuit, Three papers related to the literature Xinhua election on I: Arts and There are some theoretical research Additives have been used abroad A large amount of friction method charge at KCI and NaCI F The Act the use of KCI and NaCI friction charged the difference Do not, in the amount of materials in adding So that the mobile Layer belt during transport friction charged, and then sorting machine KCI in a concentrate, KCI up to 92% concentrate grade, recovery Rate of 50% AL Shalom and others discussed the non-all Uniform electric field separation of the exchange of technology for liquid and gas media article Pieces under the sorting mechanism "in Sichuan, the establishment of electric field strength, the Netherlands Electricity and Coulomb force and the ratio of inertial force of Dressing to make a useful component enrichment, reducing smelting or other processing of fuel, transport and so on consumption, so that the poor low-grade ore will be economic Beneficiation test of the data is the deposit rating and the main basis for plant From the gangue minerals are sometimes separated from other selected metal minerals or other valuable minerals machining
前景广阔！矿产资源是不可再生的，具有不可替代性，从最近几年的各种矿石的需求和价格在我们的一生中，这件作品的矿产资源，未来的职业前景，无限！
可以，没有问题。有具体要求吗。
前景广阔！矿产资源是不可再生的，具有不可替代性，从最近几年的各种矿石的需求和价格在我们的一生中，这件作品的矿产资源，未来的职业前景，无限！
XX工程项目筹资与投资管理的研究 混凝土项目工程造价管理的研究 建设工程造价控制问题与对策 XX项目房地产市场营销策划编制 论“定额计价模式”向“工程量清单模式”的转换 论工程索赔和控制及其费用的确定 论优化设计与工程建设投资控制 论工程合同在工程建设中的作用 XX建设项目投资控制实证分析 工程造价咨询机构实施项目管理探讨 论工程变更对造价管理的影响 工程建设投资、质量和进度三大目标的新内涵 基于保险公司的建筑工程一切险的理赔 论房地产开发企业的多项目管理 论价值工程与低碳建筑的结合 浅谈BOT项目融资方式的适用范围与特点 论建筑企业人力资源管理面临的挑战与机遇 论建筑工程管理的全寿命周期管理 对我国推行工程总承包模式的探讨与思考 论建筑市场信用体系的构建与维护 施工阶段全过程造价控制的范围及实施 论建筑工程竣工结算的审计 论公共工程建设的社会责任和企业目标的结合 XX建设项目管理信息系统 XX房地产项目的银行贷款可行分析
前景广阔！矿产资源是不可再生的，具有不可替代性，从最近几年的各种矿石的需求和价格在我们的一生中，这件作品的矿产资源，未来的职业前景，无限！
学术堂整理了二十个好写的工业工程毕业论文题目,供大家参考: 1、我国零售业配送中心运输成本的控制 2、基于EAM信息系统的库存管理研究 3、如何降低项目的风险 4、5S在山东万事达集团公司现场管理中的应用研究 5、工效学在管理中的应用 6、图书出版业供应链现状及对策研究 7、我国企业逆向物流的管理策略分析 8、电子商务环境下的物流配送研究 9、我国物流发展过程中的问题及对策研究 10、我国网络营销存在的问题及对策研究 11、现代企业5S管理及其推行实务 12、现场管理思想在耐力鞋业有限公司的研究与应用 13、电子商务下的物流管理 14、供应链环境下制造企业与供应商之间的合作关系研究 15、供应链环境下物流服务质量研究 16、IE在制造企业管理中的应用 17、GT在制造系统中的应用及效益分析 18、MC相关技术,策略及应用 19、AM或LP在企业中的应用 20、VM及应用
前景广阔！矿产资源是不可再生的，具有不可替代性，从最近几年的各种矿石的需求和价格在我们的一生中，这件作品的矿产资源，未来的职业前景，无限！
各个学校都有不同的要求，手里有我自己的，也有别的学校的，你要要的话Email： 可以传给你做个参考！
这个专业比较小众，写点具体的技术就可以了。之前我写的《显微组分对大同煤加工和转化影响的研究》，还是文方网的帮忙，很快就通过了大武口洗煤厂金能分厂粗煤泥洗选工艺改造与优化设计研究“2+2”模式煤泥水工艺在淮北选煤厂应用研究煤基能化联产系统集成优化与评价方法新型浮选工艺系统的研究资源型城市主导产业选择研究——以朔州市为例大直径无压给料三产品重介质旋流器在动力煤选煤厂的应用研究乡村权威与村庄整合——基于晋西南某村的研究东胜—神府煤的煤质特征与转化特性——兼论中国动力煤的岩相特征颗粒级配优化及界面改性提高褐煤成浆浓度的研究内蒙古中部褐煤资源开发及区域效应研究柔性设计工艺在恒源煤电选煤厂应用研究低阶烟煤中低温热解及热解产物研究淮南煤的结构与反应性研究基于石油焦的浆体燃料制备及特性研究基于DEA模型的煤炭产业链效率评价研究煤炭行业循环经济发展模式及应用研究
这几年翡翠 和田涨的厉害 可以分写下写论文很有用的 实用 和实际接轨 石家庄晶玉来珠宝行 可以为您提供这方面论文
相似宝玉石的常规仪器鉴定摘要:笔者对相似宝玉石进行了论述,重点叙述了28种相似宝玉石品种的鉴别与相似宝玉石品种的区别特征。关键字:相似宝玉石鉴定特征区别 1、钻石与合成碳硅石的鉴别二者在光泽、火彩、密度上基本相同,折射率都大于78,用热导仪检测均有钻石反应。所不同的是:合成碳硅石为一轴晶正光性,放大观察时小面棱重影、白线状细长的管状包体,在电导仪下具导电反应;而钻石放大观察无小面棱重影,且具有天然矿物包体,电导仪检测无反应。2、红宝石与红色石榴子石的鉴别二者均为红色、光泽、密度又相似;红宝石为非均质体宝石,具多色性。石榴子石为均质体宝石,无多色性;前者有荧光。后者无;前者的光谱在蓝区为吸收线。后者的光谱在蓝区为吸收带;3、紫水晶、方柱石、堇青石的鉴别三者均为紫色调,折射率、密度基本相似。紫水晶与方柱石的区别在于:前者无解理,贝壳状断囗,有色带,一轴晶正光性。而后者具有解理,参差状断囗,一轴晶负光性;紫水晶与堇青石的区别:堇青石有解理,二轴晶,三色性明显。而紫水晶为弱二色性;堇青石与方柱石的区别:前者明显的三色性,二轴晶。后者弱的二色性,一轴晶;4、碧玺、磷灰石、赛黄晶的鉴别三者虽然颜色各异,但其折射率、密度基本相似。其主要区别在于:碧玺为一轴晶负光性,双折射率大,具明显的二色性,放大观察可见明显的小面棱重影;磷灰石也为一轴晶负光性,但双折射率小,多色性不明显,具解理,在580nm有双吸收线;赛黄晶虽然具解理,但为二轴晶,可见干涉图和弱的荧光;5、石英与长石的鉴别这里的石英是指具有乳光效应、半透明的种类。长石是指具有月光效应的白色品种;二者的区别在于:石英为一轴晶正光性,无解理、贝壳状断囗,折射率为544—553;长石为二轴晶,有解理、具晕彩效应;6、尖晶石与符山石的鉴别尖晶石与符山石的区别:前者均质性,有时具光性异常,无多色性,放大观察见细小八面体负晶;后者为一轴晶,有多色性,但是双折射率小,放大观察见气液包体、矿物包体;7、透辉石与矽线石的鉴别透辉石的鉴定特征为具有两组解理,断囗为参差状,外光源放大观察(凸面型的底面),除了具明显的阶梯状断面外,还有与之垂直的裂缝,此裂缝即为另一组解理,多具星光效应;与之区别的矽线石特征为:具有一组解理,外光源放大观察(凸面型的底面),具有向珍珠的沙丘纹状的阶梯,实为解理,没有与之垂直的裂缝,此为一组解理的特征,多具有星光效应;8、绿色柱晶石与绿色透辉石的鉴别二者均为二轴晶,也都具猫眼效应。区别在于:柱晶石具明显的多色性,双折射率小。而透辉石具有弱的多色性,双折射率较大,铬透辉石在红区有铬的吸收线;9、无色钠长石玉、无色石英岩玉、无色蛇纹石玉、无色玛瑙的鉴别无色钠长石玉主要由钠长石组成,其折射率均低于54,放大观察(凸面型的边部),多数具柱粒状变晶结构;而石英岩玉的折射率为54以上,放大观察(凸面型的边部)为鳞片粒状或粒状变晶结构。也就是二者的折射率、结构不一样;无色蛇纹石玉为纤维状变晶结构,区别于石英岩玉、钠长石玉;而玛瑙为隐晶质结构,具同心层状、条带状组构。区别于其它玉石;10、葡萄石与软玉的鉴别葡萄石除可见到特征的放射状结构外,亦可见438nm的弱吸收带。此带位于紫区的边缘,在观察时,必须先观察分光镜紫区的宽窄,然后放上宝石观察才能观察到;软玉为纤维状变晶结构,分光镜检测,各别在蓝区有模糊的吸收线,紫区无;11、翡翠与水钙铝榴石的鉴别此二种玉石只是密度相似,折射率相差较大,二者的结构也有差别,之所以在这里提出,是因为在平时的教学中,学生常把水钙铝榴石鉴定为染色的翡翠。究其原因是学生只观测了滤色镜和密度,而没有测折射率。故二者的区别是:结构、折射率;12、菱锰矿与蔷薇辉石的鉴别二者均为锰至色,又都为粉红色。区别在于:前者的折射率在60-78之间变化,是一个动值。而后者的折射率在73左右,是一个固定的值(54除外,因测到共生物石英);前者的组构为鲕状、肾状、条带状、层纹状、粒状等。而后者为柱粒状变晶结构;前者盐酸测试有反应,后者无反应;以上是笔者在多年的教学实践中总结出来的一些经验,由于样品所限,难免有挂一漏万之嫌。故只能是抛砖引玉,以此启发、告诫同行和后人,少走或不走弯路。因为在宝玉石的鉴定过程中,要有科学的态度,严紧求实的作风。切不可对所从事的工作不负责任,我们鉴定工作者的失误,会给消费者和商家带来不必要的麻烦、社会的不和协、经济上的纠纷等,为此宝玉石鉴定是一项科学性和技术性很强的工作,必须严格地按照工作程序有步骤和有条理的进行,而不应敷衍塞责、信口开河、应付了事。宝玉石鉴定的结果应该是准确无误,即使经权威的宝玉石鉴定专家运用现代的仪器设备进行核查也仍然如此。以树立良好的信誉。珠宝鉴定工作者必须具有强烈的事业心、有为国家和社会、为人民负责任的精神,愿意为宝玉石事业发展而努力工作,做诚实守信的模范。参考文献李劲松赵松龄等。宝玉石大典北京:北京出版社2001李兆聪宝石鉴定法北京地质出版社1994
前景广阔！矿产资源是不可再生的，具有不可替代性，从最近几年的各种矿石的需求和价格在我们的一生中，这件作品的矿产资源，未来的职业前景，无限！
论述了主要含煤盆地和井字型构造格局的形成，在此基础上进行煤炭地质分区与勘查开发地质条件对比；通过煤炭资源与煤类分布图以及资源量统计论述了煤炭资源空间、数量和煤类分布特征；在构建勘查开发程度计算公式基础上对当前煤炭资源的勘查开发程度进行了定量分析，并结合煤炭资源的分布特征圈定了相应的潜力区块；通过煤炭资源产消的历史分析开展了对于未来煤炭资源的供需预测以及综合保障能力分析，最后指出煤炭资源勘查开发的发展趋势并提出初步建议。主要成果和认识如下：（1）含煤盆地经历了漫长的构造演化，形成了大陆区井字型构造格局，奠定了煤炭地质井型分区的基本格架；构造应力场性质分异是导致东西部主要含煤盆地的盆地类型、煤系宏观构造变形、勘查开发地质条件分异的根本控制因素；（2）太行以东断陷型含煤盆地面临巨厚新生界覆盖、断裂发育、高地温、高地压、高水压等问题，地质条件复杂；中西部坳陷型含煤盆地煤系埋藏浅，盆内变形微弱，地质条件简单，但水资源短缺、生态环境脆弱；就瓦斯而言多数矿井勘查开发条件差；（3）煤炭资源西多东少、北富南贫，而水资源东部多、西部少、南部多、北部少，山区多、平原少。煤炭资源与水资源、经济发展水平均呈明显逆向分布；各赋煤区煤炭资源的多寡与构造演化过程中作为长期稳定构造单元的古板块的分布及组成各赋煤区构造单元的多少具有某种对应关系，以华北、塔里木、扬子等大规模稳定古板块内部蕴含的煤炭资源量往往较大。（4）我国煤炭资源煤类齐全，从褐煤、低变质烟煤到无烟煤均有分布，但分布严重不均；（5）勘查开发程度定量分析表明：浅部勘查程度表现为东高西低、北高南低；开发程度表现为东高西低，南北分布特征不明显；蒙东、晋陕蒙宁、云贵川渝、北疆四分区以及神东、蒙东、晋北、晋中、陕北、新疆、云贵七大基地的资源前景无论在当前还是未来较长时期内均属较优之列；（6）未来煤炭资源产消均呈上凸式增长，2020年、2030年、2050年煤炭需求量分别为39亿吨、40亿吨和42亿吨左右，产能有能力与需求保持同步增长；煤炭进口量增加更有可能侧重于弥补某些特殊工业用途或优质煤炭资源的缺口上；总体上煤炭资源勘查开发保障能力较强。（7）未来东部地区勘查工作应侧重深部、大型推覆体之下以及老矿区外围煤炭地质精细勘查，同时注重煤层瓦斯与水文地质勘查工作；中西部在加强对于空白区和预测资源勘查力度的同时，加强对于保有尚未利用资源的勘查力度，提高勘探详查比例，形成资源梯级结构；（8）煤炭资源勘查开发在宏观和微观上均表现为战略西移，提出保护与减轻东部，稳定开发中部，加快开发西部的开发布局战略。 [1] 唐卫国,蒋星祥,汤亚平 湖南煤炭资源开发利用现状与对策[J] 中国矿业 2012(01) [2] 邱增果,孟运平,廖家隆,王可新,丁磊 江苏省煤炭资源保障程度及勘查研究[J] 中国煤炭地质 2011(10) [3] 程爱国,宁树正,袁同兴 中国煤炭资源综合区划研究[J] 中国煤炭地质 2011(08) [4] 张瑞胜 浅谈我国煤炭资源的利用现状[J] 科技风 2011(07) [5] 王双明 鄂尔多斯盆地构造演化和构造控煤作用[J] 地质通报 2011(04) [6] 黄文辉,敖卫华,翁成敏,肖秀玲,刘大锰,唐修义,陈萍,赵志根,万欢,FINKELMAN B 鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪煤的煤岩特征及成因分析[J] 现代地质 2010(06) [7] 朱春俊,王延斌 鄂尔多斯盆地东北部上古生界煤系地层成煤特征分析[J] 西安科技大学学报 2010(06) [8] 李鑫,庄新国,周继兵,汪洪,马小平 准东煤田中部矿区西山窑组巨厚煤层煤相分析[J] 地质科技情报 2010(05) [9] 易同生 贵州省煤炭资源勘查与开发的现状、问题与对策[J] 中国煤炭 2010(06) [10] 陈武,李云峰 我国能源可持续发展的探讨[J] 能源技术经济 2010(05)
试析《董卿主持风格》中央电视台的节目主持人，多年以来一直被各地的媒体公认为效仿的楷模，或者是追求的方向。可是就像萝卜青菜一样，央视的主持人风格不同，各有特点。而我则偏爱青菜的清新，喜欢即时尚又不乏营养的综艺节目主持人，这几年央视的领军人物当然就非董卿莫数了。 在观众的印象中董卿是一位专业的晚会节目主持人，大方得体，气质稳重，穿着成熟又不失风尚，在央视各套电视台的综艺节目中频频出现，成为中国观众最熟悉的主持人之一。我认为，央视的主持人从杨澜开始是我比较有印象的了，然后是倪萍，再后是周涛，一直到现在的董卿。除了董卿具有年龄优势以外，能在如此激烈的竞争与淘汰中站住脚，一定要有自己的特色。回头看，第一届比较著名的正大综艺主持人杨澜，当时的主持特点是比较阳光和知性。她一再证明着她被观众所喜爱。之后的倪萍，鲜明对比，主要是成熟稳重和亲切感强，易于带动现场气氛。经常用真情感染观众，把观众搞得眼泪汪汪，瞬时让观众耳目一新，也证明她获得了大多数观众的喜爱，可是这一特点，也有少数观众渐渐产生反感，随着时间的增长，观众们觉得这种过于煽情的主持风格已经看够看累了，需要新鲜血液。周涛正是当时观众眼中的新鲜血液，她外表时尚，和轻松干练的主持风格，正和大众的胃口，主持节目的时候，废话很少，语言干练，精巧。着实吸引了观众的眼球。而董卿，在我看来，她聪明的具备了以上三位的所有特点于自身，知性，时尚，又善于对着镜头抒发自身情感的她，在各种场合应变及时，大方得体，并且懂得看场合随时变换风格。比如《青歌大赛》时，她会让自己尽量轻松一些，和紧张的参赛选手形成对比，同时又可以缓和选手的情绪，却把握分寸不会因为自己的轻松，影响到赛场的严肃气氛，这里可以看见杨澜的知性。而《欢乐中国行》，正是一个半分百的娱乐节目，董卿拿出了自己一切的开朗活泼，尽量做到时尚又亲切，在台上表现活跃，却不像其他地方台的节目主持人在台上乱来，这里有一点周涛的时尚又精巧。我曾经还多次看过董卿主持的慈善类节目，比如说最近的《为了母亲的微笑》是一场为了灾区贫困儿童捐款的晚会。我想她有些效仿了倪萍的本事，在描述灾区儿童生活状态时动了真情，而感动了在场和电视机前的所有观众。而超越倪萍的是，恰到好处的只让眼泪在眼圈里打转。（这点是真本事！）另外，董卿的穿着时尚得体，身材苗条，所以在视觉上经常给人耳目一新的感觉，基本功扎实，虽然是上海人，但吐字归音非常清楚，是我最需要学习的，基本功是最最重要的，让观众听清楚，听明白是基本。因此在各种场合，她都可以展现她优秀的功底。这是我对董卿的基础了解，我印象中她没有出过书，所以了解不足，请师傅指正！
前景广阔！矿产资源是不可再生的，具有不可替代性，从最近几年的各种矿石的需求和价格在我们的一生中，这件作品的矿产资源，未来的职业前景，无限！