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女性科学家的研究文明的发展变化与女性地位的变化的关系西方工业文明的发展对文艺发展的影响
B试题分析：牛顿的近代数学和物理学方面的成就为启蒙思想的产生奠定了科学的基础，提供了一种认识世界的新的方法，即理智的科学的方法，故选B。A项错误，以实验为主要形式的研究方法是在文艺复兴时期；C项是现代相对论的分析方法；D项是现代热辐射理论
可以就神话、节日、风俗习惯以及宗教方面回答
音乐的发展及评价 关键词：英文流行音乐发展史 西方流行歌曲简史 关于我们的调查
你想知道的里面都有！！
公元11-13世纪，随着“十字军”东征，西欧封建骑士制度盛行，反映封建骑士文化的诗歌与音乐---游吟诗人歌曲，从12、13世纪在法国流传起来。游吟诗人的发源地是法国南部，特别是南部文化中心的普罗旺斯，南部的游吟诗人“特罗巴多”用奥克语演唱，歌曲分句不明确，旋律细腻精美，节奏处理较为复杂自由。北部的游吟诗人“特罗威尔”用奥依语演唱。歌曲朴实和直率，与民间歌曲接近，旋律段落轮廓比较分明和规整。游吟诗人的成分是贵族，后来也有出身较低而有出色才能的艺人。游吟诗人既是诗人，又是音乐家，他们自作词曲，自己演唱，歌曲的内容大部分是爱情歌曲，爱情歌曲的题材有康佐（宫廷之恋）、晨歌（恋人幽会，清晨惜别，通常以骑士与守夜人对话形式，守夜人不断发出“天将黎明”的告诫）、田园歌（骑士与牧羊女在在乡间不期而遇的浪漫故事，有时加入二三人，成为音乐剧），在这些爱情歌曲中妇女成为崇拜的对象。中世纪法国文学一直是欧洲文学的摇篮，游吟诗人的艺术渊源于礼仪圣咏，保留了传统的教会音阶，甚至是礼仪原形的母题。中世纪出现了许多优秀的游吟诗人，如南方的文塔多恩，他著名的作品是《我看见云雀扑打着翅膀》。北方著名的游吟诗人有嘎什•布吕勒，他写了大量的各类歌曲，有传统的单声形式，也有如回旋歌、经文歌等多声部复调歌曲。游吟诗人歌曲是以游吟诗体谱写的，与格里高利圣咏相比，它的旋律乐句清晰而且具有诗韵的节奏。虽然采用的是中世纪教会调式，但运用了变化音而近似于近代的大小调。对后世调式的发展产生了重要影响。
西方音乐史在我的记忆当中就是以一些歌剧高雅艺术为主。
第一，把管理的科学、理性方面同感情的非理性方面结合起来。西方国家在英国的工业革命以后，在19世纪末和20世纪初产生了以泰勒、法约尔、韦伯等人为代表的经典的科学管理运动的思潮，对生产力的发展起着重大的推动作用，这在当时是符合生产力的发展状况的，在当时没有科学的管理原则，也没有科学的管理依据的情况下，科学管理运动每一次科学地、理性地把管理纳入科学的轨道，使得管理成为一门真正的科学。这次运动，在当时收到了相当好的效果，促进了生产力的发展和劳动生产率的提高。但是随着生产力的发展，社会、经济得到进一步的发展，人们发现单纯地注重管理的科学性、理性化不能保证管理的成功和劳动生产率的持续提高。因为不论是什么样的企业都是由人组成的，而企业的职工，随着生活水平的提高对现实的要求也在不断地变化，他们不仅有理性，更重要的还有感情，不但要求获得经济上需求的满足，还要获得感情上、社会地位上和自我实现等方面需求的满足。这样，行为科学是随着生产力的提高和社会、经济的发展而产生的。行为科学的产生和发展，对生产力的发展和劳动生产率的提高有着重要的作用，但是如果过于偏重非理性方面而忽略了理性方面，管理绩效也达不到理想的状态，只有把两者结合起来才是可行的。第二，把管理中的正式组织作用和非正式组织作用结合起来。所谓正式组织，指的是企业为了有效地实现企业的目标，所规定的组织成员中正式的相互关系和组织体系，其中包括：组织结构、方针政策、规划方案、规章制度等。所谓的非正式组织，是指组织中没有经过正式的上级或一些相关的程序而建立起来的，以感情联系为主要沟通方式的一种非正式的群体和体系。泰勒等人在古典管理理论体系中主要强调了正式组织的作用，而行为科学主要强调了非正式组织的作用，要想达到理想的管理绩效，这两者的结合是一个必然的途径。第三，把管理中的系统性、计划性、程序化等方面与灵活性、权变性、非程序化方面相结合。古典管理理论和管理科学方面的理论是非常强调管理中系统性、计划性和程序方面的作用的。而行为科学和权变学派等强调的，是如果因为企业内外环境的变化而墨守成规，不顾存在的许多不确定的因素，不顾外部环境的变化，把计划、系统看得一成不变，这样就会造成不应有的损失，他们非常强调管理的灵活性、权变性、非程序化等方面。但是企业本身是一个系统，一个系统要正常地运转，就必须是这两个方面的结合，管理理论有把这两种理论相结合的趋势。第四，把管理中的精确性和模糊性这两个方面相结合。在精确性方面，管理理论研究已逐渐成熟，如管理理论中的运筹学、数量学、计算机、统计学、会计学方面的发展，使管理的精确性方面越来越高~
西方思想的中世纪基础 中文摘要】 本文从历史文化研究的视角出发,强调文化发展的连续性,反对简单的以时划界、各贴标签的做法。通过对西方中世纪文学史和思想史的分析,尤其是对但丁及其作品的分析,文章指出中世纪在西方思想发展过程中的重要传承作用,其核心在于中世纪在重新阐述传统的过程中所体现出的"信仰和欢乐"的精神。
西方文论主要指欧洲地区国家和美国的文论。从时间上讲，西方文论上自古希腊，即公元谦427年的柏拉图，下到十世纪中期的庞德、艾略锝和荣格等人，文论时间跨度大约二千年，这一时空内的西方文论，流派林立，主义纷呈，教材所涉及到的文论家很多，内容相当丰富，要在一个相对较短的时间内学好西方文论，就要求同学们一定要掌握这门功课的要点。什么是“要点”呢？他既是西方文论这门课的主要的知识点，同时还是这门课的考试出题可能的考点；它既是西方文论课程所讲授的文学理论体系的大纲，又包括一些“小”的知识，以下就把西方文论的学习要点梳理一下。一、希腊文论古希腊文论是西方文论的一个源头，教材所收的这一时期的两个文论家：柏拉图和亚里士多德都相当重要，学习时首先应注意以下几个较小的知识点：1、柏拉图和亚里士多德是师生关系，但二人的文论观点在很多方面都不同。2、柏拉图创立了雅典的“学园派”，亚里士多德则创立了“逍遥学派”3、柏拉图的文论观点，主要集中在他所写的《理想国》、《伊安篇》、《裴德若篇》、《大希庇阿斯篇》、《会饮篇》和《裴列布斯篇》。亚里士多德著名的文论作品是《诗学》《修辞学》和《心灵论》，由于亚氏的《诗学》在当时一度失传，因此，他对古希腊时期和古罗马时期的文论的影响，主要由他的《修辞学》这本书来担当。以下是古希腊文论的理论要点：1、柏拉图的“理念说”和“摹仿说”，柏拉图认为理念（或译“理式”）是独立于个别事物和人的意识的本真之世界，事物是理念的影子，文艺又是对现实事物的模仿，所以，文艺与理念隔着三层，是对于理念的摹仿的摹仿、影子的影子。亚里士多德反对他老师的说法，认为文艺摹仿的只是“人的行动、生活”。是现实世界及其规律，肯定文艺作品的真实性。2、“迷狂说”，柏拉图认为诗在本质上是神的产物，诗人因神灵附体进入迷狂状态，于是获得创作的灵感，进行创作。他认为诗人“不是凭技艺，而是凭神的灵感创作”。亚里士多德则把诗人创作时界定为人的理性活动，要求诗人开始创作即应有清醒的意图。3、悲剧观与净化说。柏拉图认为悲剧诗人有两大罪状，即悲剧诗人从事摹仿艺术而其作品并不显示真理；悲剧迎合人的低劣情欲。亚里士多德针对柏拉图说提出不同意见，倡导著名的悲剧净化说，他认为，人的感情流露对人身有益，悲剧“借引起怜悯与恐惧来使这种情感得到陶冶”。4、亚里士多德的悲剧理论：亚氏悲剧理论的悲剧定义是“悲剧是对于一个严肃、完整、有一定长度的行动的摹仿”。他认为悲剧具有六要素：情节、性格、思想、言词、歌曲、形象。其中亚氏认为最重要者为“情节”，其次为“性格”。5、亚里士多德的诗、史区别论：亚氏认为，历史的真实不同于诗的真实，历史叙述个别的、已经发生的式。诗摹仿“有普遍性的”及“可能发生”的事，所以比历史“更富于哲学意味”。诗描写“合情合理的不可能”古希腊文论对西方文论的影响：1、柏拉图的“理念说”影响生成了罗马时期普罗提诺的新柏拉图主义文论2、柏氏关于艺术美在物质对创作者的心灵和想象的体现的思想，成为近代浪漫主义文艺观的先驱3、柏氏关于文艺应有实用和教益的主张，开启了罗马时期贺拉斯“寓教于乐”的思路。4、柏拉图的文论中以“灵感说”对后世西方文论的影响为最大5、亚里士多德的摹仿说为欧洲文论中的浪漫主义和现实主义的相互补充提供了根据6、亚氏的诗歌想象论对罗马时期裴罗斯屈塔拉斯提出文艺想象理论是一块奠基石7、亚氏对悲剧长度“力 以太阳的一周为限”的规定，在文艺复兴时期被意大利文论家卡斯特尔维屈罗发展为著名的“三整一律”戏剧理论法则，这一法则被西方七世纪的戏剧创作奉为圭泉8、亚氏的“净化说”在西方悲剧理论中长期是一种有着巨大影响力的理论。二、罗马时期的文论罗马文论紧承希腊文论，是古代希伯莱文明对西方文化发生影响的时期。随着基督教的建立，宗教对文论的影响变得相当大罗马文论家主要须掌握的是……（共三位）代表作及思想……罗马时期文论要点：……（共两点）罗马时期文论对西方文论的影响……（共3点）三、文艺复兴时期文论意大利文艺复兴运动时期文论是当时的文化复兴运动的一部分，文艺家纷纷回到古希腊寻求题材和灵感等，人本主义的价值观冲破中世纪宗教的禁锢成为此期文艺家的精神与信仰的旗帜。此期文论家值得注意的有：……（共两位）代表作及作品……文艺复兴时期文论理论要点……（共3点）文艺复兴时期文论对西方文论的影响……（共3点）……八、二十一世纪西方文论二十一世纪西方文论的总体特征：二十世纪是人类工业社会繁荣昌盛，并走向危机和衰退的时期，也是后工业社会在西方代替工业社会占据文化主流的时期。此期人类生存维度的日新月异使此期文论流派纷繁、新见迭出；文学对人的内部世界的关怀渐渐代替了人对外在生活的热情，尤其是在二十世纪下半野，文学的审丑压倒了文学的审美生活。二十世纪西方文论代表理论家和代表性理论著作：弗洛伊德（精神分析文论）：《释梦》（或译《梦的解析》《创作家与白日梦》荣格（精神分析文论）：《分析心理学论文集》《心理学类型》《心理学与文论》里普斯（移情说）：《空间美学和几何学、视觉的错误》《美学》马稚可夫斯基（立体未来主义）：《给社会趣味一记耳光》庞德（意象派文论）：《回顾》瑞恰兹（语义学派）：《语言的两种用法》杜威（实用主义文论）：《艺术即经验》艾略特（先锋派文论）：《文学与现代世界》克罗齐（直觉说美学理论）：《美学原理》罗曼·罗兰（二十世纪现实主义文论）：《论作家在今天社会中的作用》《人民戏剧》二十世纪西方精神分析文论1、弗洛伊德的泛性主义文论：弗洛伊德是当代西方精神分析文论的奠基人。他把人类心理分为三个区域：本能冲动（即Id，或无意识）、自我（即有意识的个性）和超我（即良知）。这三者中性生命力是人类精神的主要内容。关于文学何以有巨大的美感力量，他认为是因为文学作品写了“恋母情结”，他并且用俄狄浦斯和哈姆雷特这两个悲剧人物形象来进行分析，以证明这一情结的正确性、深刻性和普遍性。他认为文学的描写是对“恋母情结”的发泄和变相的满足。2、荣格的集体无意识文学理论：荣格本是弗洛伊德的学生，但他不满老师的泛性欲主义文论而另创新论，成为二十世纪西方精神分析文论的又一大师。他的文论观点主要是，他提出了“集体无意识”这一著名的理论，认为“集体无意识是民族的每一个成员通过遗传继承下来的种族记忆。它将人存在的当下性与人的原始根源联系提来。集体无意识或称为“原型”，表现出来是人心中的某些图像、故事和图案。荣格赞同文学的幻觉性、宗教性，甚至魔幻性这样一些传统。他认为在文学中包含着一种知识，它对现代人的异化和世俗起着特别重要的作用。二十一世纪精神分析文论对西方文论的影响……马雅可夫斯基的“立体未来主义”文论……庞德的“意象主义文论”……瑞恰兹的“语义学派”文论……杜威的实用（或经验）主义文论……艾略特的“先锋派文论”……克罗齐的“直觉说”……
首先，你要把这些理论烂熟于q心2，融会贯通，再尝试着把你所学的理论和你想要评论的文7学现象结合起来，找到结合点就有话说了u！比2如说，要分4析阿Q的性格，就可以6运用弗洛伊德的精神分1析理论；再比3如说，要分6析一s篇文7章的风0格，就可以2结合中8国古代的风4骨论或是西方3的风6格理论，利用相近原则而已m。要诀很简单，一c个i字：熟！！！ bba┽氓jd撷wz／→拽wz／→拽a┽氓g〗c
呵呵，你想不劳而获啊
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film) Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly C Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如： 红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。