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- 1 - 启航教育专用高考英语作文模板 议论文 三大要素：论点，论据，论证 基本结构：提出问题（引论）；分析问题（本论）；解决问题（结论） 常用论证方法：比较法 例证法 推理法 归纳法 驳论法 提纲式作文 （1） 不同观点列举型( 选择型 ) 写作方法： 有一些人认为… 另一些人认为… 我的看法… There is a widespread concern over the issue that 作文题目 But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to A majority of people think that 观点一 In their views there are two factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, 原因一 Besides, in the second place, 原因二 So it goes without saying that 观点一 People, however, differ in their opinions on this Some people hold the idea that 观点二 In their point of view, on the one hand, 原因一 On the other hand, 原因二 Therefore, there is no doubt that 观点二 As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that 观点一或二 It is not only because _______________, but also because______ _________
个人感觉 构词法里比较新颖的就属缩略词了 这个时代每天都会有的
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主治 in charge 清热解毒 clearing away heat and alleviating pain
毕业论文摘要的书写方法和技巧 摘要的作用 摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文，有其特别的地方。它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，留主干去枝叶，提取论文的主要信息。作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解，这些都应该在摘要中体现出来。好的摘要便于索引与查找，易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息。因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用。 书写摘要的基本规范和原则 （1）论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文（一般为英文）摘要。摘要在篇幅方面的限定，不同的学校和机构有不同的要求，通常中文摘要不超过300字，英文摘要不超过250个实词，中英文摘要应一致。毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅。 （2）多向指导教师请教，并根据提供的意见及时修改，以期达到更高水平。 （3）摘要是完整的短文，具有独立性，可以单独使用。即使不看论文全文的内容，仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论。 （4）叙述完整，突出逻辑性，短文结构要合理。 （5）要求文字简明扼要，不容赘言，提取重要内容，不含前言、背景等细节部分，去掉旧结论、原始数据，不加评论和注释。采用直接表述的方法，删除不必要的文学修饰。摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容，做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量。 （6）摘要中不使用特殊字符，也不使用图表和化学结构式，以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式，不列举例证。 摘要的四要素 目的、方法、结果和结论称为摘要的四要素。 （1）目的：指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件，不是主题的简单重复。 （2）方法：简述课题的工作流程，研究了哪些主要内容，在这个过程中都做了哪些工作，包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。 （3）结果：陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察取得的数据和结果，并剖析其不理想的局限部分。 （4）结论：通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论，包括从中取得证实的正确观点，进行分析研究，比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义，理论与实际相结合的价值。 撰写步骤 摘要作为一种特殊的陈述性短文，书写的步骤也与普通类型的文章有所不同。摘要的写作时间通常在论文的完成之后，但也可以采用提早写的方式，然后再边写论文边修改摘要。首先，从摘要的四要素出发，通读论文全文，仔细将文中的重要内容一一列出，特别是每段的主题句和论文结尾的归纳总结，保留梗概与精华部分，提取用于编写摘要的关键信息。然后，看这些信息能否完全、准确的回答摘要的四要素所涉及的问题，并要求语句精炼。若不足以回答这些问题，则重新阅读论文，摘录相应的内容进行补充。最后，将这些零散信息，组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子，再进一步组成通畅的短文，通读此短文，反复修改，达到摘要的要求。 关于英文摘要 （1）英文摘要的写作方法要依据公认的写作规范。 （2）尽量使用简单句，避免句型单调，表达要求准确完整。 （3）正确使用冠词。 （4）使用标准英语书写，避免使用口语，应使用易于理解的常用词，不用生僻词汇。 （5）作者所做工作用过去时，结论用现在时。 （6）多使用主动语态。 关键词 关键词是为了文献标引工作从报告、论文中选出来用以表示全文主题内容信息目的单词术语。每篇报告、论文选取3～8个词作为关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在摘要的左方。如有可能，尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词。为了国际交流，应标注与中文对应的英文关键词。 关键词是主题词中的一类。主题词是一种新型检索词汇，多用于计算机网络检索。 关键词分为中文关键词和与之对应的英文关键词，分别置于中文摘要和英文摘要之下。为便于他人的检索，不能使用过于宽泛的词语。选择关键词既可以从论文的各级标题入手，也可以从论文本身的内容选取，将选出的关键词按照所涉及领域的范围从大到小顺序列出。
thesis 论文 (一本， 如硕士，博士论文)。paper 文章(发表在杂志上的一篇 一篇的) ÄÕÂ
建议着重在摘要内提到的核心概念来选择关键词。然后如果论文涉及某一专业技术或者方法，那么一定要在标题或者关键词内展示出此项技术的专业术语，可有效提高科研者搜索论文的精准率以及论文的引用率。最后在写关键词的时候，要
gavin7991 - 举人 四级 说的很详细，但更加简洁明了的说法是：硕士论文用thesis， MA thesis (文学硕士论文），博士论文用dissertation, 学期论文或发表的文章可用paper，essay指篇幅较短小的文章，相当于作文类或散文类
高中英语作文常用句型一． 表达观点 What I’d like to point out is that… I’m generally convinced that… We have reasons/every reason to believe that… We can therefore come to the conclusion that… It goes without saying that… As far as I’m concerned, …二． 描绘 According to the picture/chart, we can see/conclude that… As is clearly shown in the picture, … The number/amount of … will rise/show a tendency of… It accounts for… The advantages outweigh the Evidently it has both negative and positive People used to think…, but things are different There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid drop( rise, increase,decrease,fall) in demond (income,population,price) that… The figure (percentage, number,) has nearly (almost, more than,clearly) doubled/tripled, compared with that of…三． 反驳 In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold Besides, we should not neglect the fact that… A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that…四． 解释分析 No one can deny that… It can be easily proved that… One thing which is epually important to what is mentioned above is that… We have every reason to believe that… A number of factors can account for the development in…/popularity of…五． 论证说明 A good case in point is… No one can deny the fact that… There is sufficient evidence to show that… According to the statistics, it can be seen that… It has been illustrated that…六．文章开篇 Recently the problem has been brought into Recently the phenomenon has become a heated Recently the issue has aroused great concern among… Nowadays there is a growing concern over… Faced with …, quite a few people argue that… With the arrival of the information age,… There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for… Some argue/hold that… but others set forth a totally different argument about the issue of… Thanks to China’s reform and opening up policy,…七．结尾 It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop… We might do more than identify the cause; it is important to take action to… Whether it is good or not/positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear that… All the evidence support a sound conclusion that…八．其他 It goes without saying that…不用说， 不言而喻 It is universally acknowledged that…大家公认为。。。 The evidence shows that the importance of … can’t be 证据显示。。。重要性再怎么强调也不过分。 ●对比类句型：1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D)2) Just , 3) A and B have sth in 4) A is similar to B5) The same is true of，The same can be said of(……也是如此)6) The advantages of A are much greater than B7) compared with B, A has many 8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊)9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages 10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage , it can not compete with B 11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe 12) What people fail to consider is 13) It is one thing to insist , it is quite another to show 14) Nothing can rival…(……是无与伦比的)15) …has drawbacks as well as 16) A is superior(inferior) to B17) varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)18) A is just the opposite (to B) 19) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)20) …is not the same (as)●过渡性句型： 1) this is true 2) This is true, no doubt, 3) 4) It is one thing ; it is another ●描写图表和数据的句型1) rank first (both) 2) in proportion 3) A is by far the 4) As many 5) The number is imes as much as that of 6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last 7) It accounts for 35% 8) By comparison with , it decreased/increased/fell 9) ise rapidly(slowly)10) ain 11) ach 12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase /////decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in13) be on the increase/decrease/rise/decline (……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型：1) As can be indicated in the table, 2) As we could find out later， 3) As is revealed in the table，4) As the survey results show，5) This table provides several important points of comparison between，6) The two graphs depict the same thing in 7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:8) According to the figures given in the table, 9) This chart shows that 10) As is shown by the graph, 11) It can be seen from the statistics that 12) It is generally believed /accepted/thought/held ●说明原因的句型:1) There are some/two/many good reasons /to 2) We have two good reasons 3) The reason for is that + 从句4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people , one should be 5) One may think of the trend as a result 6) The change largely results from the fact 7) There are several causes for this significant growth F8) A number of factors could account for the 9) It is no simple task to give the reason for 10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in 11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are 12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher 13) The demand has 14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are 15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices /go //are 16) Different people look in different ●表示不同看法的句型:1) Different people have/hold different opinions/views on the question/problem/ Some believe that ; Others argue that :Still others maintain that 2) They are quite different from each other in their 3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to 4) They think quite differently on this 5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to ●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:1) It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for to do 2) have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing (有困难做某事)●用于文章开头的句型：1) Faced ; quite a few people argue ; But other people conceive 2) There is a general discussion today about the issue ; Those who object argue that ;They believe ; But people who favor , on the other hand, argue that 3) Currently there is a widespread concern 4) Now people in growing number are coming to realize 5) Now it is commonly held that ; they think ; But I doubt 6) Recently the issue has been brought to public 7) One of the great men once said Now more and more people share this 8) Until recently, has been regarded But people are taking a fresh look at 9) S argues/maintains /holds/insists/believes 10) More and more people are realizing /have come to 11) There is no denying/doubt that ●用于文章结尾的句型：1) From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that 2) It is high time that we put considerable/great/special emphasis on 3) We must look for all immediate method, because the present situation of , if permitted to continue, will sure lead to/result 4) Many solutions/methods are being offered here, all of them make some sense, but none is quite The problem should be examined in a new 5) There is no immediate solution to the problem , might be helpful/6) No easy method can be at hand to solve the problem of , but the general awareness of the necessity/importance might be the first step on the right 7) There is little doubt/denying that 8) It is, therefore, obvious/evident that the task quire immediate 9) As far as be concerned, I believe/think that 10) In conclusion,11) In my opinion, I am in favor of 12) Personally, I prefer 13) In short, should learn ; Only in this way can the most difficult problems be solved 14) As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion ●用于论证和说明的句型：1) We may cite/quote/take a single/common example to 2) Our society abounds with the examples of 3) A recent study indicates/suggests/shows 4) According to the statistics provided , it can be seen 5) There is good/sufficient evidence to show 6) This brings out/set forth the important fact that 7) No one can ignore/overlook the fact ●常用谚语 (在议论文中):1) As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides” 2) As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides” On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your On the other hand, if you don t deal with it properly, it will do harm to your So we should look at the matter from two 3) As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a ” (有志者事竟成)4) As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he ”(观其交友,知其为人)5) As is known to all, “No pains, no gains”(没有苦,就没有甜)●辩论中常用的句型:1) There is no doubt that 2) It is obvious/clear that 3) As is known to all, 4) (It s) no (难怪) He didn t work hard and no wonder he lost his 5) It goes without saying that (不用说,不成问题,很自然……)6) What is more important, 7) I am convinced that (我深信……)
1． It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型She had said what it was necessary to 2． 强调句型It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules 3． "All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"（very+形容词）He was all gentleness to 4． 利用词汇重复表示强调A crime is a crime a 5． "something（much）of"和"nothing（little）of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像，略似’’They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a 6． 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那般的父亲"。Those pigs of girls eat so 7． as…as…can（may）beIt is as plain as plain can 8． "It is in（with）…as in（with）"It is in life as in a 9． "as good as…"相等于，就像，几乎如；实际上，其实，实在。The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt 10．"many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many as well…as"可译为"与其……，不如……，更好"，"以这样做……为宜"，"如同……，也可以……"等等。"might as well …as"表示不可能的事，可译为"犹如……"，"可与……一样荒唐"，"与其那样不如这样的好"等等。One may as well not know a thing at all as know it 11．"to make…of"的译法（使……成为……，把……当作）I will make a scientist of my 12． oo…+不定式"，not（never）too…+不定式"，"too…not+不定式She is too angry to 13． only(not, all, but, never) too …to do so "和"too ready (apt) + to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义，凡是"not"，"all""but等字后+"too…to，"不定式都失去了否定意义，在"too ready（apt） +to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。You know but too yell to hold your 除此之外，还有很多很多~~~主要是靠自己平时的积累
词：商榷，理智，客观，主观短语：从根本上说，然而这是不可取的句子：具体情况要具体分析大概这些，还有很多的
一首先你要对高级词汇有一定的了解与背诵。高级词汇从哪里来？它可以来自于平常自己做阅读理解的积累，还来源于一些课外的英语刊物。这些英语词汇要讲求精巧而实用，同时方便自己的理解与背诵，这就要求我们多圈多背多记录。高级词汇的掌握一定是写出完美作文的前提。二在平时的学习中应该多一些思考与理解。比如说这个简单的词汇可以用哪个高级的词汇进行替代呢，平时多锻炼一下自己的转换思维能力，才能在写作时快速灵活运用。三要培养连词成句的能力。作文是由一些句子组成的具有逻辑的文章。句子是词汇所展现的形态，写作光有词汇不是最终目标，连成一个句子，最终形成有逻辑的文章。比如一些逻辑连接词可以找出着重背诵，一些范文例文中的高级重复词汇观摩其用法，并灵活运用到自己的文章中融汇贯通。
●表示比较和对照关系的句型：1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D)2) Just , 3) A and B have sth in 4) A is similar to B5) The same is true of,The same can be said of(……也是如此)6) The advantages of A are much greater than B7) compared with B, A has many 8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊)9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages 10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage , it can not compete with B 11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe 12) What people fail to consider is 13) It is one thing to insist , it is quite another to show 14) Nothing can rival…(……是无与伦比的)15) …has drawbacks as well as 16) A is superior(inferior) to B17) varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)18) A is just the opposite (to B) 19) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)20) …is not the same (as)●过渡性句型： 1) this is true 2) This is true, no doubt, 3) 4) It is one thing ; it is another ●描写图表和数据的句型1) rank first (both) 2) in proportion 3) A is by far the 4) As many 5) The number is imes as much as that of 6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last 7) It accounts for 35% 8) By comparison with , it decreased/increased/fell 9) ise rapidly(slowly)10) ain 11) ach 12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase /////decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in13) be on the increase/decrease/rise/decline (……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型：1) As can be indicated in the table, 2) As we could find out later, 3) As is revealed in the table,4) As the survey results show,5) This table provides several important points of comparison between,6) The two graphs depict the same thing in 7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:8) According to the figures given in the table, 9) This chart shows that 10) As is shown by the graph, 11) It can be seen from the statistics that 12) It is generally believed /accepted/thought/held ●说明原因的句型:1) There are some/two/many good reasons /to 2) We have two good reasons 3) The reason for is that + 从句4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people , one should be 5) One may think of the trend as a result 6) The change largely results from the fact 7) There are several causes for this significant growth F8) A number of factors could account for the 9) It is no simple task to give the reason for 10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in 11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are 12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher 13) The demand has 14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are 15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices /go //are 16) Different people look in different ●表示不同看法的句型:1) Different people have/hold different opinions/views on the question/problem/ Some believe that ; Others argue that :Still others maintain that 2) They are quite different from each other in their 3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to 4) They think quite differently on this 5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to ●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:1) It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for to do 2) have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing (有困难做某事)●用于文章开头的句型：1) Faced ; quite a few people argue ; But other people conceive 2) There is a general discussion today about the issue ; Those who object argue that ;They believe ; But people who favor , on the other hand, argue that 3) Currently there is a widespread concern 4) Now people in growing number are coming to realize 5) Now it is commonly held that ; they think ; But I doubt 6) Recently the issue has been brought to public 7) One of the great men once said Now more and more people share this 8) Until recently, has been regarded But people are taking a fresh look at 9) S argues/maintains /holds/insists/believes 10) More and more people are realizing /have come to 11) There is no denying/doubt that ●用于文章结尾的句型：1) From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that 2) It is high time that we put considerable/great/special emphasis on 3) We must look for all immediate method, because the present situation of , if permitted to continue, will sure lead to/result 4) Many solutions/methods are being offered here, all of them make some sense, but none is quite The problem should be examined in a new 5) There is no immediate solution to the problem , might be helpful/6) No easy method can be at hand to solve the problem of , but the general awareness of the necessity/importance might be the first step on the right 7) There is little doubt/denying that 8) It is, therefore, obvious/evident that the task quire immediate 9) As far as be concerned, I believe/think that 10) In conclusion,11) In my opinion, I am in favor of 12) Personally, I prefer 13) In short, should learn ; Only in this way can the most difficult problems be solved 14) As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion ●用于论证和说明的句型：1) We may cite/quote/take a single/common example to 2) Our society abounds with the examples of 3) A recent study indicates/suggests/shows 4) According to the statistics provided , it can be seen 5) There is good/sufficient evidence to show 6) This brings out/set forth the important fact that 7) No one can ignore/overlook the fact ●常用谚语 (在议论文中):1) As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides” 2) As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides” On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your On the other hand, if you don t deal with it properly, it will do harm to your So we should look at the matter from two 3) As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a ” (有志者事竟成)4) As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he ”(观其交友,知其为人)5) As is known to all, “No pains, no gains”(没有苦,就没有甜)
首先要确定你要写的论文的用处和级别。学位论文还是学术论文，本科毕业论文还是研究生毕业论文，社会科学论文还是自然科学论文。不同的论文有不同的要求。其次确定你要写论文的主要内容，拟定题目。第三要寻找资料，进行相关知识的阅读和积累。第四，列个提纲，开始写吧。
首先要认真拼写。我们的老师经常说如果在考试中要用到高级词汇，那就一定要写对，写不对的话反而会扣分，到时候就得不偿失。可以平时写在笔记本上，多加练习。其次要多积累一些词的相关用法，如果在课本，杂志中遇到了这个词的相关表达，可以抄下来写在这个词的下边，这样可以加深对这个词的理解，从而更好的运用在作文中去！！平常也可以用高级词造句，久而久之就可以增加熟练程度，从而运用在不同的作文话题下边。作为英语专业的学生，我认为最快提高写作水平的方法就是背作文，在背作文的时候就会不自觉的学会其中的高级词汇和高级句型的表达，而且背的越多，就越能掌握写作业的基本结构，大部分是三段式 。第一段总结全文，引出话题。第二段表达观点，此处可以多用高级词汇，和高级句型。第三段对全文进行总结，或者提出建议。祝您学习进步！