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有关土木工程的外文文献怎么找

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有关土木工程的外文文献怎么找

各种数据库,美国土木工程师学会,EI,SCI的数据库,还有通过google学术搜也挺不错不过最好是通过高校的教育网搜

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刚好我也在做毕业设计 把我的给你用吧! Traditional Construction ProceduresAs mentioned before, construction under the traditional construction procedure is performed by While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of construction This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for The owner compensates the contractors for construction costs and A general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plumbing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general Sometimes, in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a Such contractors are called prime Their work is scheduled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the Sometimes also, the owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a Such organizations are called design-build One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartment The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the Administration of the construction procedure often is Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the Managers usually also supervise selection of During construction, they help control costs, expedite equipment and material deliveries, and keep the work on In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and Construction contractors employ labor that may or may not be Unionized craftspeople are members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their During construction, all work should be For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consultants, engages The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owner’s representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architect’s superintendent, engineer’s superintendent, or resident The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe Such inspections may be made at frequent In addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal requirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building Following is a description of the basic traditional construction procedure for a multistory After the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local building, water, sewer, and highway The general contractor plans and schedules construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the Subcontractors are notified of the contract award and issued letters of intent or awarded subcontracts, then are given, at appropriate times, notices to Before construction starts, the general contractor orders a survey to be made of adjacent structures and terrain, both for the record and to become knowledgeable of local A survey is then made to lay out Field offices for the contractor are erected on or near the If desirable for safety reasons to protect passersby, the required to be removed from the site are demolished and the debris is carted Next, the site is prepared to receive the This work may involve grading the top surface to bring it to the proper elevations, excavating to required depths for basement and foundations, and shifting of utility For deep excavations, earth sides are braced and the bottom is Major construction starts with the placement of foundations, on which the building This is followed by the erection of load-bearing walls and structural Depending on the height of the building, ladders, stairs, or elevators may be installed to enable construction personnel to travel from floor to floor eventually to the Also, hoists may be installed to lift materials to upper If needed, temporary flooring may be placed for use of As the building rises, pipes, ducts, and electric conduit and wiring are Then, permanent floors, exterior walls, and windows are At the appropriate time, permanent elevators are If required, fireproofing is placed for steel Next, fixed partitions are built and the roof and its covering are put is place,Finishing operations There include installation of the following: ceilings; tile; wallboard; wall paneling; plumbing fixtures; heating furnaces; air-conditioning equipment; heating and cooling devices for rooms; escalators; floor coverings; window glass; movable partitions; doors; finishing hardware; electrical equipment and apparatus, including lighting fixtures, switches, transformers, and controls; and other items called for in the drawings and Field offices, fences, bridges, and other temporary construction must be removed from the Utilities, such as gas, electricity, and water, are hooked up to the The sit is landscaped and Finally, the building interior is painted and The owner’s representatives then give the building a final If they find that the structure conforms with the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and gives the general contractor final payment on issuance by the building department of a certificate of occupancy, which indicates that the completed building meets building-code 传统的施工程序众所周知,在传统的施工程序中进行施工的承包商。尽管他们想满足业主和建筑设计师的要求,但是最终还是以赚取利润为主要目标的。因此,他们最初的任务是对编写投标价格的建筑成本进行准确的估计。这就需要进行前期调查的工作并且做出施工时间表。等合约批出后,施工方必须提供所有材料并支付其费用,设备,电力,劳动力。业主此时需要进行必要的监督。一个总承包商承担一个建筑整体的责任。从事分包的承建商则需承担建造工程所需的各个工作。例如,管道承包商安装水管,电业承办商安装电气系统,电梯则由电梯承包商安装。他们与总承包商签订合同,费用由总承包商支付。有时候,除了一个总承包商,还有各种专业承包商,如电气和机械承包商,执行工作时需要与业主签订合同。这种承包商被称为间接承包商。他们的工作,由总承包商协调,但它们都是由业主直接联系。还有些时候,业主可以使用设计建造方法同时兼有设计和建筑施工单位的职能。这些单位被称为设计建造承包商。这方面的一个类型的合同聘用的变化是由一户住宅或低层住宅建筑群的开发。在房屋建筑设计和建造的住房,但设计之前需要由购买房屋的业主完成。施工过程管理往往是困难的。因此,一些业主会去寻求专家的协助,这些专家被称为专业施工经理,他们具有丰富的施工经验。施工经理与总承包商进行谈判,并选择其中一个项目。施工经理通常还监督分包商。在施工期间,它们有助于控制成本,加快运送设备和材料,并保持工作的进度。在依法行政,协助设计和建设的情况下,业主可以选择从事建筑项目经理。建筑承包商雇用的劳动力,一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中从事技术活,如木工,管道工,工会成员和电工工会,小工则执行了分配给他们的工作。在施工期间,一切工作都要验收。因此,业主通过建筑师和监理经常进行督查。可能是名为工程员,建筑师或驻地工程师。作为业主的代表实地视察。核查人员必须确保工程符合合同文件的要求,并在安全的条件下进行的责任。这种检查可作出重复。此外,验收还是需要一个或多个政府机构的代表。他们必须确保工程符合法律要求,并负责检查与合同文件是否一致。这种视察一般定期或在某些阶段施工结束以后进行。地方或国家建设部门具有管辖权。这些检查的目的是确保符合当地或国家的建筑规范。以下是传统多层建筑施工的基本程序。建造开始后合同授予开发商,业主可要求开发商开始施工之前签约给或之后签约发出书面通知的同时另一部分工作继续进行。紧接着施工方根据需要获取建筑许可证,例如当地的建设,供水,污水处理,政府机构和公路部门。总承包商的计划和进度详细施工作业以及动员项目设备和人员。分包商得到通知后,做出签订合同的意向或授予分包合同书,然后给出在适当的时候进行通知。在施工前启动,总承包商要进行的一项调查就是邻近结构和地形,这些都要记录在案,并要熟悉当地情况。这项调查结束以后,随即进行布局建设。承建商的现场办事处都建在施工现场或附近。为了安全起见,必须从脚手架上移除的东西,产生的碎片都要运走。下一步,该网架是为建设工程准备的。这项工作为地下室开挖和基础开挖的深度,以及公用事业管道转移找到正确的标高。深挖掘,土方支撑,底部排出。建筑开始于基础上,然后是承重墙和结构框架的施工。梯子,楼梯,或电梯的安装,可让施工人员往返于各个楼层。此外,可安装卷扬机来运送材料。由于建筑高度的上升,管道,电力管道和线路安装以及永久地板,外墙,窗户和构造的影响。在适当的时候,永久的电梯安装。再需要的情况下可以安装防火卷帘。其次,屋顶等地方也需要安装。精加工工序安装有包括以下内容:天花板,瓷砖,墙板,墙壁镶板,水管装置,加热炉,空气调节设备,加热和冷却室装置;自动扶梯;地板,窗户玻璃;活动板,门;电气设备和仪器,包括照明灯具,开关,变压器,控制器,遵照项目的图纸和规格。外地办事处,围栏,桥梁和其他临时建筑,公共设备,如天然气,电力管道,水管,都连接到建筑上。最后,是建筑物内部的打扫和清洗。业主的代表,会给建设工程作最后检查。如果他们满意并认为符合合同文件,那么业主接受该项目,并交给总承包商的一个占用证书,这表明,总承包商已完成建设,建设部门再根据建筑规范的要求发放最后付款。请采纳。

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有关土木工程的外文文献

1钢筋混凝土 素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料(碎石或;卵石)、空气,通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内,并将其捣实,然后进行养护,以加速水泥与水的水化反应,最后获得硬化的混凝土。其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。其抗拉强度约为抗压强度的十分之一。因此,截面的受拉区必须配置抗拉钢筋和抗剪钢筋以增加钢筋混凝土构件中较弱的受拉区的强度。 由于钢筋混凝土截面在均质性上与标准的木材或钢的截面存在着差异,因此,需要对结构设计的基本原理进行修改。将钢筋混凝土这种非均质截面的两种组成部分按一定比例适当布置,可以最好的利用这两种材料。这一要求是可以达到的。因混凝土由配料搅拌成湿拌合物,经过振捣并凝固硬化,可以做成任何一种需要的形状。如果拌制混凝土的各种材料配合比恰当,则混凝土制成品的强度较高,经久耐用,配置钢筋后,可以作为任何结构体系的主要构件。 浇筑混凝土所需要的技术取决于即将浇筑的构件类型,诸如:柱、梁、墙、板、基础,大体积混凝土水坝或者继续延长已浇筑完毕并且已经凝固的混凝土等。对于梁、柱、墙等构件,当模板清理干净后应该在其上涂油,钢筋表面的锈及其他有害物质也应该被清除干净。浇筑基础前,应将坑底土夯实并用水浸湿6英寸,以免土壤从新浇的混凝土中吸收水分。一般情况下,除使用混凝土泵浇筑外,混凝土都应在水平方向分层浇筑,并使用插入式或表面式高频电动振捣器捣实。必须记住,过分的振捣将导致骨料离析和混凝土泌浆等现象,因而是有害的。 水泥的水化作用发生在有水分存在,而且气温在50°F以上的条件下。为了保证水泥的水化作用得以进行,必须具备上述条件。如果干燥过快则会出现表面裂缝,这将有损与混凝土的强度,同时也会影响到水泥水化作用的充分进行。 设计钢筋混凝土构件时显然需要处理大量的参数,诸如宽度、高度等几何尺寸,配筋的面积,钢筋的应变和混凝土的应变,钢筋的应力等等。因此,在选择混凝土截面时需要进行试算并作调整,根据施工现场条件、混凝土原材料的供应情况、业主提出的特殊要求、对建筑和净空高度的要求、所用的设计规范以及建筑物周围环境条件等最后确定截面。钢筋混凝土通常是现场浇注的合成材料,它与在工厂中制造的标准的钢结构梁、柱等不同,因此对于上面所提到的一系列因素必须予以考虑。 对结构体系的各个部位均需选定试算截面并进行验算,以确定该截面的名义强度是否足以承受所作用的计算荷载。由于经常需要进行多次试算,才能求出所需的 3 截面,因此设计时第一次采用的数值将导致一系列的试算与调整工作。 选择混凝土截面时,采用试算与调整过程可以使复核与设计结合在一起。因此,当试算截面选定后,每次设计都是对截面进行复核。手册、图表和微型计算机以及专用程序的使用,使这种设计方法更为简捷有效,而传统的方法则是把钢筋混凝土的复核与单纯的设计分别进行处理。 2土方工程 由于和土木工程中任何其他工种的施工方法与费用相比较,土方挖运的施工方法与费用的变化都要快得多,因此对于有事业心的人来说,土方工程是一个可以大有作为的领域。在1935年,目前采用的利用轮胎式机械设备进行土方挖运的方法大多数还没有出现。那是大部分土方是采用窄轨铁路运输,在这目前来说是很少采用的。当时主要的开挖方式是使用正铲、反铲、拉铲或抓斗等挖土机,尽管这些机械目前仍然在广泛应用,但是它们只不过是目前所采用的许多方法中的一小部分。因此,一个工程师为了使自己在土方挖运设备方面的知识跟得上时代的发展,他应当花费一些时间去研究现代的机械。一般说来,有关挖土机、装载机和运输机械的唯一可靠而又最新的资料可以从制造厂商处获得。 土方工程或土方挖运工程指的是把地表面过高处的土壤挖去(挖方),并把它倾卸到地表面过低的其他地方(填方)。为了降低土方工程费用,填方量应该等于挖方量,而且挖方地点应该尽可能靠近土方量相等的填方地点,以减少运输量和填方的二次搬运。土方设计这项工作落到了从事道路设计的工程师的身上,因为土方工程的设计比其他任何工作更能决定工程造价是否低廉。根据现有的地图和标高,道路工程师应在设计绘图室中的工作也并不是徒劳的。它将帮助他在最短的时间内获得最好的方案。 费用最低的运土方法是用同一台机械直接挖方取土并且卸土作为填方。这并不是经常可以做到的,但是如果能够做到则是很理想的,因为这样做既快捷又省钱。拉铲挖土机。推土机和正铲挖土机都能做到这点。拉铲挖土机的工作半径最大。推土机所推运的图的数量最多,只是运输距离很短。拉铲挖土机的缺点是只能挖比它本身低的土,不能施加压力挖入压实的土壤内,不能在陡坡上挖土,而且挖。卸都不准确。 正铲挖土机介于推土机和拉铲挖土机的之间,其作用半径大于推土机,但小于拉铲挖土机。正铲挖土机能挖取竖直陡峭的工作面,这种方式对推土机司机来说是危险的,而对拉铲挖土机则是不可能的。每种机械设备应该进行最适合它的性能的作业。正铲挖土机不能挖比其停机平面低很多的土,而深挖坚实的土壤时,反铲挖土机最适用,但其卸料半径比起装有正铲的同一挖土机的卸料半径则要小很多。在比较平坦的场地开挖,如果用拉铲或正铲挖土机运输距离太远时,则装有轮胎式的斗式铲运机就是比不可少的。它能在比较平的地面上挖较深的土(但只能挖机械本身下面的土),需要时可以将土运至几百米远,然后卸土并在卸土的过程中把土大致铲平。在挖掘硬土时,人们发现在开挖场地经常用一辆助推拖拉机(轮式或履带式),对返回挖土的铲运机进行助推这种施工方法是经济的。一旦铲运机装满,助推拖拉机就回到开挖的地点去帮助下一台铲运机。 斗式铲运机通常是功率非常大的机械,许多厂家制造的铲运机铲斗容量为8 m³,满载时可达10 m³。最大的自行式铲运机铲斗容量为19立方米(满载时为25 m³),由430马力的牵引发动机驱动。 翻斗机可能是使用最为普遍的轮胎式运输设备,因为它们还可以被用来送混凝土或者其他建筑材料。翻斗车的车斗位于大橡胶轮胎车轮前轴的上方,尽管铰接式翻斗车的卸料方向有很多种,但大多数车斗是向前翻转的。最小的翻斗车的容量大约为5立方米,而最大的标准型翻斗车的容量大约为5m³。特殊型式的翻斗车包括容量为4 m³的自装式翻斗车,和容量约为5 m³的铰接式翻斗车。必须记住翻斗车与自卸卡车之间的区别。翻斗车车斗向前倾翻而司机坐在后方卸载,因此有时被称为后卸卡车。 3结构的安全度 规范的主要目的是提供一般性的设计原理和计算方法,以便验算结构的安全度。就目前的趋势而言,安全系数与所使用的材料性质及其组织情况无关,通常把它定义为发生破坏的条件与结构可预料的最不利的工作条件之比值。这个比值还与结构的破坏概率(危险率)成反比。 破坏不仅仅指结构的整体破坏,而且还指结构不能正常的使用,或者,用更为确切的话来说,把破坏看成是结构已经达到不能继续承担其设计荷载的“极限状态”。通常有两种类型的极限状态,即: (1)强度极限状态,它相当于结构能够达到的最大承载能力。其例子包括结构的局部屈曲和整体不稳定性;某此界面失效,随后结构转变为机构;疲劳破坏;引起结构几何形状显著变化的弹性变形或塑性变形或徐变;结构对交变荷载、火灾和爆炸的敏感性。 (2)使用极限状态,它对应着结构的使用功能和耐久性。器例子包括结构失稳之前的过大变形和位移;早期开裂或过大的裂缝;较大的振动和腐蚀。 根据不同的安全度条件,可以把结构验算所采用的计算方法分成: (1)确定性的方法,在这种方法中,把主要参数看作非随机参数。 (2)概率方法,在这种方法中,主要参数被认为是随机参数。此外,根据安全系数的不同用途,可以把结构的计算方法分为: (1)容许应力法,在这种方法中,把结构承受最大荷载时计算得到的应力与经过按规定的安全系数进行折减后的材料强度作比较。 (2)极限状态法,在这种方法中,结构的工作状态是以其最大强度为依据来衡量的。由理论分析确定的这一最大强度应不小于结构承受计算荷载所算得的强度(极限状态)。计算荷载等于分别乘以荷载系数的活载与恒载之和。 把对应于不乘以荷载系数的活载和恒载的工作(使用)条件的应力与规定值(使用极限状态)相比较。根据前两种方法和后两种方法的四种可能组合,我们可以得到一些实用的计算方法。通常采用下面两种计算方法: 确定性的方法,这种方法采用容许应力。 概率方法,这种方法采用极限状态。 至少在理论上,概率法的主要优点是可以科学的考虑所有随机安全系数,然后将这些随机安全系数组合成确定的安全系数。概率法取决于: 1 Reinforced Concrete Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of 答题实属不易,请楼主谅解,求采纳~

土木工程的话肯定是EI、SCI了,下面是一些简介,希望对你有帮助,求加分SCI:是一部国际性的检索刊物,包括有:自然科学、生物、医学、农业、技术和行为科学等,主要侧重基础科学。所选用的刊物来源于94个类、40多个国家、50多种文字,这些国家主要有美国、英国、荷兰、德国、俄罗斯、法国、日本、加拿大等,也收录一定数量的中国刊物。 EI:《工程索引》(The Engineering Index,简称EI)创刊于1884年,是美国工程信息公司(Engineering information I)出版的著名工程技术类综合性检索工具。EI每月出版1期,文摘3万至4万条;每期附有主题索引与作者索引;每年还另外出版年卷本和年度索引,年度索引还增加了作者单位索引。收录文献几乎涉及工程技术各个领域。例如:动力、电工、电子、自动控制、矿冶、金属工艺、机械制造、土建、水利等。它具有综合性强、资料来源广、地理覆盖面广、报道量大、报道质量高、权威性强等特点。

土木外文文献怎么找

FirstSearchEBSCOhostSDOL,SDOSACM Digital LibraryBeck-onlineCurrent Index to StatisticsIEEE XploreLexisNexisWilsonWebAlexander Street PressGrove Art Online/Grove Music OnlineNatureOvid including PrimalPicturesTech Science PresscairnFrantextOCLC FirstSearchSpringerLinkCSA IlluminaWeb of KnowledgeGale InfoTracReadReadOpacJSTORTaylor & FrancisWestlaw InternationalGreenwood Digital CollectionGrolier OnlineOxford ResourcesMorgan ClaypoolEarly American Imprint (EAI)、Access UN ProQuestAmerican Chemical SocietyNetLibraryEmerald

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在中国期刊网里找,有那种英文的文献,之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。APS美国物理学会电子出版物AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊ACS美国化学学会数据库IOP英国皇家物理学会期刊RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库Elsevier ScienceIEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library 但估计你们学校没有数据库。如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。

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有关土木工程的文献

刚好我也在做毕业设计 把我的给你用吧! Traditional Construction ProceduresAs mentioned before, construction under the traditional construction procedure is performed by While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of construction This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for The owner compensates the contractors for construction costs and A general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plumbing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general Sometimes, in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a Such contractors are called prime Their work is scheduled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the Sometimes also, the owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a Such organizations are called design-build One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartment The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the Administration of the construction procedure often is Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the Managers usually also supervise selection of During construction, they help control costs, expedite equipment and material deliveries, and keep the work on In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and Construction contractors employ labor that may or may not be Unionized craftspeople are members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their During construction, all work should be For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consultants, engages The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owner’s representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architect’s superintendent, engineer’s superintendent, or resident The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe Such inspections may be made at frequent In addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal requirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building Following is a description of the basic traditional construction procedure for a multistory After the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local building, water, sewer, and highway The general contractor plans and schedules construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the Subcontractors are notified of the contract award and issued letters of intent or awarded subcontracts, then are given, at appropriate times, notices to Before construction starts, the general contractor orders a survey to be made of adjacent structures and terrain, both for the record and to become knowledgeable of local A survey is then made to lay out Field offices for the contractor are erected on or near the If desirable for safety reasons to protect passersby, the required to be removed from the site are demolished and the debris is carted Next, the site is prepared to receive the This work may involve grading the top surface to bring it to the proper elevations, excavating to required depths for basement and foundations, and shifting of utility For deep excavations, earth sides are braced and the bottom is Major construction starts with the placement of foundations, on which the building This is followed by the erection of load-bearing walls and structural Depending on the height of the building, ladders, stairs, or elevators may be installed to enable construction personnel to travel from floor to floor eventually to the Also, hoists may be installed to lift materials to upper If needed, temporary flooring may be placed for use of As the building rises, pipes, ducts, and electric conduit and wiring are Then, permanent floors, exterior walls, and windows are At the appropriate time, permanent elevators are If required, fireproofing is placed for steel Next, fixed partitions are built and the roof and its covering are put is place,Finishing operations There include installation of the following: ceilings; tile; wallboard; wall paneling; plumbing fixtures; heating furnaces; air-conditioning equipment; heating and cooling devices for rooms; escalators; floor coverings; window glass; movable partitions; doors; finishing hardware; electrical equipment and apparatus, including lighting fixtures, switches, transformers, and controls; and other items called for in the drawings and Field offices, fences, bridges, and other temporary construction must be removed from the Utilities, such as gas, electricity, and water, are hooked up to the The sit is landscaped and Finally, the building interior is painted and The owner’s representatives then give the building a final If they find that the structure conforms with the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and gives the general contractor final payment on issuance by the building department of a certificate of occupancy, which indicates that the completed building meets building-code 传统的施工程序众所周知,在传统的施工程序中进行施工的承包商。尽管他们想满足业主和建筑设计师的要求,但是最终还是以赚取利润为主要目标的。因此,他们最初的任务是对编写投标价格的建筑成本进行准确的估计。这就需要进行前期调查的工作并且做出施工时间表。等合约批出后,施工方必须提供所有材料并支付其费用,设备,电力,劳动力。业主此时需要进行必要的监督。一个总承包商承担一个建筑整体的责任。从事分包的承建商则需承担建造工程所需的各个工作。例如,管道承包商安装水管,电业承办商安装电气系统,电梯则由电梯承包商安装。他们与总承包商签订合同,费用由总承包商支付。有时候,除了一个总承包商,还有各种专业承包商,如电气和机械承包商,执行工作时需要与业主签订合同。这种承包商被称为间接承包商。他们的工作,由总承包商协调,但它们都是由业主直接联系。还有些时候,业主可以使用设计建造方法同时兼有设计和建筑施工单位的职能。这些单位被称为设计建造承包商。这方面的一个类型的合同聘用的变化是由一户住宅或低层住宅建筑群的开发。在房屋建筑设计和建造的住房,但设计之前需要由购买房屋的业主完成。施工过程管理往往是困难的。因此,一些业主会去寻求专家的协助,这些专家被称为专业施工经理,他们具有丰富的施工经验。施工经理与总承包商进行谈判,并选择其中一个项目。施工经理通常还监督分包商。在施工期间,它们有助于控制成本,加快运送设备和材料,并保持工作的进度。在依法行政,协助设计和建设的情况下,业主可以选择从事建筑项目经理。建筑承包商雇用的劳动力,一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中从事技术活,如木工,管道工,工会成员和电工工会,小工则执行了分配给他们的工作。在施工期间,一切工作都要验收。因此,业主通过建筑师和监理经常进行督查。可能是名为工程员,建筑师或驻地工程师。作为业主的代表实地视察。核查人员必须确保工程符合合同文件的要求,并在安全的条件下进行的责任。这种检查可作出重复。此外,验收还是需要一个或多个政府机构的代表。他们必须确保工程符合法律要求,并负责检查与合同文件是否一致。这种视察一般定期或在某些阶段施工结束以后进行。地方或国家建设部门具有管辖权。这些检查的目的是确保符合当地或国家的建筑规范。以下是传统多层建筑施工的基本程序。建造开始后合同授予开发商,业主可要求开发商开始施工之前签约给或之后签约发出书面通知的同时另一部分工作继续进行。紧接着施工方根据需要获取建筑许可证,例如当地的建设,供水,污水处理,政府机构和公路部门。总承包商的计划和进度详细施工作业以及动员项目设备和人员。分包商得到通知后,做出签订合同的意向或授予分包合同书,然后给出在适当的时候进行通知。在施工前启动,总承包商要进行的一项调查就是邻近结构和地形,这些都要记录在案,并要熟悉当地情况。这项调查结束以后,随即进行布局建设。承建商的现场办事处都建在施工现场或附近。为了安全起见,必须从脚手架上移除的东西,产生的碎片都要运走。下一步,该网架是为建设工程准备的。这项工作为地下室开挖和基础开挖的深度,以及公用事业管道转移找到正确的标高。深挖掘,土方支撑,底部排出。建筑开始于基础上,然后是承重墙和结构框架的施工。梯子,楼梯,或电梯的安装,可让施工人员往返于各个楼层。此外,可安装卷扬机来运送材料。由于建筑高度的上升,管道,电力管道和线路安装以及永久地板,外墙,窗户和构造的影响。在适当的时候,永久的电梯安装。再需要的情况下可以安装防火卷帘。其次,屋顶等地方也需要安装。精加工工序安装有包括以下内容:天花板,瓷砖,墙板,墙壁镶板,水管装置,加热炉,空气调节设备,加热和冷却室装置;自动扶梯;地板,窗户玻璃;活动板,门;电气设备和仪器,包括照明灯具,开关,变压器,控制器,遵照项目的图纸和规格。外地办事处,围栏,桥梁和其他临时建筑,公共设备,如天然气,电力管道,水管,都连接到建筑上。最后,是建筑物内部的打扫和清洗。业主的代表,会给建设工程作最后检查。如果他们满意并认为符合合同文件,那么业主接受该项目,并交给总承包商的一个占用证书,这表明,总承包商已完成建设,建设部门再根据建筑规范的要求发放最后付款。请采纳。

毕业设计论文施工组织设计文献综述  施工组织设计的作用是对拟建工程施工的全过程实行科学的管理的重要手段。通过施工组织设计的编制,可以全面考虑拟建工程的各种施工条件,扬长避短,拟定合理的施工方案,确定施工顺序、施工方法、劳动组织和技术经济的组织措施,合理地统筹安排拟定施工进度计划,保证拟建工程按期投产或交付使用;也为拟建工程的设计方案在经济上的合理性,在技术上的科学性和实施工程上的可能性进行论证提供依据;还为建设单位编制基本建设计划和施工企业编制施工计划提供依据。施工企业可以提前掌握人力、材料和机具使用上的先后顺序,全面安排资源的供应与消耗;可以合理确定临时设施的数量、规模和用途;以及临时设施、材料和机具在施工场地上的布置方案。  如果施工组织设计编制的合理,能正确反映客观实际,符合建设单位和设计单位的要求,并且在施工过程中认真地贯彻执行,就可以保证工程的顺利进行,取得好、快、省和安全的效果,早日发挥基本建设投资的经济效益和社会效益。  60年代我们的施工组织措施采用的苏联的管理模式,随着我国的经济的增长,我们建筑业的发展,我们的施工项目管理也不断的更科学,70到80年代施工组织设计在我国全面的推广,经过我们不断的实践、探索、研究,使之我们现在的施工组织更科学更协调,经济上更合理  以往我们强调工程开工前必须有施工组织设计,否则不得开工,但有相当多的工程虽然编制了施工组织设计,但实际执行却不如人意,甚至有的根本无法实施。许多年来,施工组织设计的编制往往是由个别人编写,在很大程度上造成与材料、机械、劳动力等部门的脱节,使施工组织设计开始就先天不足,到项目实施过程中,由于编制者与实施者的分离,无法起到指导作用的施工组织设计只能束之高阁。所以我们认识了不足之处对于实施方案的编制组织,现在我们采取各部门共同参与的方法,并由项目技术负责人主编,使施工组织设计真正起到指导工程施工的作用。施工部署由单1转向了全面统筹工程的后续开展更顺利。  正 文  杨太生《地基与基础》-北京:中国建筑工业出版社,  本书内容是根据本课程的教学基本要求并按照国家颁布的有关设计新规范、新标准编写的。全书共分十章,包括土的物理性质及工程分类,地基中的应力计算,土的压缩性与地基沉降计算,土的抗剪强度与地基承载力,土压力与土坡稳定,建筑场地的工程地质勘察,天然地基上浅基础设计,桩基础设计,地基处理,区域性地基等内容。本书可作为土建学科高等职业学校、高等专科学校建筑工程专业及相关专业的教学用书,也可作为相关工程技术人员的参考书。  徐 蓉《工程造价管理》 上海:同济大学出版社,2005  本书以贯彻国家法规、规范为指导思想,从基础理论和实践应用人手,主要介绍 工程造价管理的相关理论和计算评价方法。本书共9章:第一章介绍工程造价概论, 解释了价格、造价的基本概念;第二章介绍工程造价的组成和计价方法,及工程量清 单计价规范的有关内容;第三章至第七章分别介绍了工程项目决策、设计、招标投标、 施工和竣工决算等不同阶段中,建设过程中工程造价确定和管理的实际操作内容;第八、九章介绍工程财务和工程造价管理相关法规的内容,这是作为从事工程造价管理工作的工程师们所必需掌握的基本知识。  尹怡林《建筑工程计量与计价》 天津:天津大学出版社,2003,  本书针对建设工程清单时期广大预算人员的学习需要,介绍了建筑工程预算书的编制内容和步骤,全面叙述了消耗量定额与清单计价的定额说明及工程量计算规则,重点阐述了应用例题的详细解答与完整的建筑工程的消耗量定额预算书和工程量清单投标报价书。内容共分三部分,包括:绪论,上篇——建筑工程消耗量定额计量与计价,下篇——建筑工程工程量清单计量与计价。本书逻辑清晰,图文并茂,强调理论与实践的关联,充分结合施工组织的实际,辅以大量实例,注重例题的合理化,支持启发性与交互式教学,力求实用。  本书与《建设工程计价依据与方法》配套使用,学习过程中需配备参考文献所列书籍。  本书可作为高职高专院校建筑类专业的选用教材,也可作为建筑企业管理培训教材,还可作为企事业单位中高层管理人员与技术人员的参考用书。  姚刚土木工程施工技术北京:人民交通出版社,2005,3  土木工程施工是土木工程专业的一门主干课。其主要任务是研究土木工程施工技术和施工组织的一般规律;土木工程中主要工种工程施工方法和工艺原理;施工项目科学的组织原理以及土木工程施工中的新技术、新材料、新工艺的发展和应用。新的《土木工程施工》教材阐述了土木工程施工的基本理论及其工程应用,在内容上力求符合国家现行规范、标准的要求,反映现代土木工程施工的新技术、新工艺及其新成就,以满足新时期人才培养的需要;在知识点的取舍上,保留了一些常用的传统工艺方法,注重纳入对工程建设有重大影响的新技术,突出综合运用土木工程施工及其相关学科的基本理论和知识,以解决工程实践问题的能力培养。教材在结构体系上有新的突破,具有创新和鲜明的时代特色。教材注重土木工程各专业领域知识的融合,使之成为一个有机的整体。教材层次分明、条理清楚、结构合理,既考虑了大土木工程专业的整体性,又结合现阶段课程设置的实际情况,在土木工程的框架内,建筑工程、道路工程、桥梁工程、地下工程等自成体系,便于组织教学。  钱昆润等建筑施工组织与计划南京:东南大学出版社,2009  本手册内容分为4大部分:一、建筑施工基础知识,包括建筑构造、施工测量、建筑材料、施工 实用结构计算;二、建筑施工技术,包括土建土施工及水暖、卫生、电器设备工程施工;三、建筑施工管理,包括定额与预算、施工组织设计、企业管理;四、建设监理知识及工程招标投标与合同管理。最后在附录中给出了施工常用资料及数据。  中华人民共和国建设部建设工程工程量清单计价规范北京:中国计划出版社,2003  本 规范是根据《中华人民共和国招标投标法》、建设部第107号《建设工程施工发包与承包计价管理办法》,按照我国工程造价管理改革的要求,本着国家宏观调控、市场竞争形成价格的原则制定的。 本规范在编制过程中,总结了我国建设工程工程量清单计价试点工作的经验,并借鉴了国外工程量清单计价的做法。本规范批准发布前广泛征求了有关施工单位、建设单位、工程造价咨询机构和工程造价、招标投标管理部门的意见,对其中主要问题进行了多次讨论和修改。 本规范共分五章和五个附录,包括总则、术语、工程量清单编制、工程量清单计价、工程量清单及其计价格式等。  Park Yj and A H-SMechanistic Seismic Damage model for reinforced CJournal of Structural Engineering,ASCE,111,No4,2005  The progressive collapse of the building structures due to accidents has become a hot research topic of civil engineering all around the The researches and designs on progressive collapse are based on accurately simulation for the failure process of whole structural However, due to the complicated material and geometric nonlinearity and large computational workload in collapse simulation for a real reinforced concrete (RC) structure, normal finite element (FE) analysis with solid elements are not feasible in collapse Hence, a fiber beam model is proposed in this work to simulate the collapse of RC The fiber beam model is firstly verified with a collapse test of a planar RC And then following the design process proposed in DoD 2005, the collapse processes of two typical Chinese 8-story RC frames with and without slabs respectively are simulated and The influence of slabs on the progressive collapse behavior of structures is studied and the result proofs that the slabs can greatly improve the progressive collapse resistance of   DAVIDMLEVINSON Budget busts: The influence of demand in the construction market[J]Received 25 A  A new normalized damage index for evaluation of structural damage of reinforced concrete was developed based on the relation of demand and The proposed formulation combines two sources of damage: permanent deformation and strength deterioration due to cyclic loading during dynamic The new damage model is first verified for single Based on the compressive strains in the core concrete, tensile strains in the transverse hoops and a good photographic record of the component during stages of testing, damage limit states for serviceability, repairability/irrepairability and collapse are identified and correlated with the damage A global damage index is also proposed based on individual member damage indices, which uses a weighting scheme that assigns importance as a function of gravity Finally, an inelastic design spectra is recommended for code development wherein the relationship between the natural period of the structure and the response reduction factor is quantified in terms of incurred structural   结 论  建筑施工组织设计必须扩大深度和范围,对设计图纸的合理性和经济性做出评估,实现设计和施工技术的一体化。施工企业要建立施工组织设计总结与工法制度,扩大技术积累,加快技术转化,使新的技术成果在施工组织设计中得到应用。  目前已是知识经济时代,信息技术在工程项目中已起到越来越大的作用,建筑施工企业应大力发展与运用信息技术,重视高新技术的移植和利用,拓宽智力资源的传播渠道,全面改进传统的编制方法,使信息在生产力诸要素中起到核心的作用,逐步实现施工信息自动化、施工作业机器化、施工技术模块化和系统化,以产生更大的经济效益,增强建筑施工企业的竞争力,从而使企业能在日益激烈的竞争中获得更好的生存环境。  参考文献  【1】 杨太生《地基与基础》-北京:中国建筑工业出版社,  【2】 张雅麟《建筑施工手册》-2版。北京:中国建筑工业出版社,  【3】 姚谨英《建筑施工技术》-2版。北京:中国建筑工业出版社,11  【4】 张 建《建筑材料与检测》-北京:化学工业出版社,  【5】 李晓光《建筑工程定额与预算》中国电力出版社,2005,  【6】 李 泉《浅谈如何准确编制概算、有效控制投资》工程经济,  【7】 姚 刚《土木工程施工技术》北京:人民交通出版社,2005,3  【8】 徐 蓉《工程造价管理》 上海:同济大学出版社,2005  【9】 钱昆润 建筑施工组织与计划南京:东南大学出版社,2009  【10】 尹怡林《建筑工程计量与计价》 天津:天津大学出版社,2003,  【11】 刘伊生《工程造价管理与控制》 江苏:东南大学出版社,2004,  【12】 徐大国《 工程造价的与控制》 北京:计划出版社,2005  【13】 姚 冰《与国际接轨的全过程造价控制》 北京:建筑工业出版社,2005,  【14】 中华人民共和国建设部 建设工程工程量清单计价规范北京:中国计划出版社,2003  【15】 DAVIDMLEVINSON Budget busts: The influence of demand in the construction market[J]Received 25 A  【16】 Park Yj and A H-SMechanistic Seismic Damage model for reinforced CJournal of Structural Engineering,ASCE,111,No4,2005

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