机组的负荷小,热效率应该不会很高。50MW的机组回注情况下40%左右。你只有5MW啊,机型难选,效率不会太高,供考。
燃气轮机的工作介质为空气,在高沙尘环境下工作时,空气中往往含有大量不同粒径的砂粒。我校研究的高效率滤清器系统中的旋风级对于分离过滤砂粒具有显著效果,本文即是对除砂目的高性能船用燃机进气滤清器中的旋风级进行除砂性能研究,同时创新性提出双层叶片旋风分离器的思路,通过数值模拟和实验研究加以验证和结构初步改进,为高性能船用燃机进气滤清器的设计制造提供旋风级的理论基础和技术支持。旋风分离器的两个主要指标是阻力和分离效率,本文通过数值模拟与实验研究相结合的方法对其进行研究,主要进行了如下几个方面的工作: 对现有母型旋风分离器模型进行单相流和两相流的数值模拟,考察旋风分离器内部流场分布形式,不同工况下阻力特性及对不同粒径颗粒的分离效率。 在母型旋风分离的基础上基于引射定理提出双层叶片结构的新型旋风分离器的思路,数值模拟流场分布考察不同结构改变对其性能的影响。 利用风洞试验台分别对母型旋风分离器和双层叶片旋风分离器进行阻力和效率的实验研究,结果表明母型旋风分离器具有较高除砂滤清效果,与数值模拟结果基本吻合;通过数值模拟设计的双层叶片旋风分离器结构存在不合理处,受到“气膜”影响。 根据实验结果对双层叶片旋风分离器进行改进,改进后阻力基本不变,效率上升明显,证明了双层叶片的设想存在可行性,为旋风分离器优化提供了新的思路。关键词:除砂;新型旋风分离器;数值模拟;实验研究Gas turbine working medium for the air, in high-dust environment, the air often contains a lot of sand of different particle I am a high school study the efficiency of the cyclone filter system-level filter for the separation of a significant effect of sand, this article is Desanding that is the purpose of high-performance marine gas turbine inlet air filter in the Tornado class for Desanding Properties, at the same time put forward innovative ideas double cyclone leaves, through numerical simulation and experimental studies to validate and improve the structure of the initial, high-performance marine engines for the intake filter to provide the design and manufacture of Tornado-class theoretical foundation and technical Cyclone is the two main indicators of resistance and separation efficiency, the paper by numerical simulation and experimental study of a combination of methods to study, mainly the following aspects: The mother of the existing cyclone model type single-phase flow and two-phase flow numerical simulation to study the distribution of flow field inside cyclone form of resistance characteristics under different conditions and different size particles on separation In the home-based cyclone separator based on the theorem proposed based on injection of the new two-tier structure leaves the idea of cyclone, numerical simulation of flow field study of different structural changes in its The use of wind tunnel test-bed for the mother, respectively, and double-blade-type cyclone cyclone resistance and to study the efficiency of the experimental results show that the higher the mother Desanding cyclone-type filter effects, and numerical simulation results anastomosis; through numerical simulation of the design of the double-leaf structure unreasonable Department cyclone by the "film" According to the experimental results carried out on a double-decker cyclone blade improvement, the improved resistance is essentially the same, the efficiency increased significantly, evidence of the existence of double the feasibility of the idea leaves for cyclone optimization a new way of Key words: Desanding; new cyclone; numerical simulation; Experimental Study
Gas turbine working medium for the air, in high-dust environment, the air often contains a lot of sand of different particle I am a high school study the efficiency of the cyclone filter system-level filter for the separation of a significant effect of sand, this article is Desanding that is the purpose of high-performance marine gas turbine inlet air filter in the Tornado class for Desanding Properties, at the same time put forward innovative ideas double cyclone leaves, through numerical simulation and experimental studies to validate and improve the structure of the initial, high-performance marine engines for the intake filter to provide the design and manufacture of Tornado-class theoretical foundation and technical Cyclone is the two main indicators of resistance and separation efficiency, the paper by numerical simulation and experimental study of a combination of methods to study, mainly the following aspects: The mother of the existing cyclone model type single-phase flow and two-phase flow numerical simulation to study the distribution of flow field inside cyclone form of resistance characteristics under different conditions and different size particles on separation In the home-based cyclone separator based on the theorem proposed based on injection of the new two-tier structure leaves the idea of cyclone, numerical simulation of flow field study of different structural changes in its The use of wind tunnel test-bed for the mother, respectively, and double-blade-type cyclone cyclone resistance and to study the efficiency of the experimental results show that the higher the mother Desanding cyclone-type filter effects, and numerical simulation results anastomosis; through numerical simulation of the design of the double-leaf structure unreasonable Department cyclone by the "film" According to the experimental results carried out on a double-decker cyclone blade improvement, the improved resistance is essentially the same, the efficiency increased significantly, evidence of the existence of double the feasibility of the idea leaves for cyclone optimization a new way of Key words: Desanding; new cyclone; numerical simulation; Experimental Study仅供参考
Gas turbine working medium for the air, in high-dust environment, the air often contains a lot of sand of different particle I am a high school study the efficiency of the cyclone filter system-level filter for the separation of a significant effect of sand, this article is Desanding that is the purpose of high-performance marine gas turbine inlet air filter in the Tornado class for Desanding Properties, at the same time put forward innovative ideas double cyclone leaves, through numerical simulation and experimental studies to validate and improve the structure of the initial, high-performance marine engines for the intake filter to provide the design and manufacture of Tornado-class theoretical foundation and technical Cyclone is the two main indicators of resistance and separation efficiency, the paper by numerical simulation and experimental study of a combination of methods to study, mainly the following aspects: The mother of the existing cyclone model type single-phase flow and two-phase flow numerical simulation to study the distribution of flow field inside cyclone form of resistance characteristics under different conditions and different size particles on separation In the home-based cyclone separator based on the theorem proposed based on injection of the new two-tier structure leaves the idea of cyclone, numerical simulation of flow field study of different structural changes in its The use of wind tunnel test-bed for the mother, respectively, and double-blade-type cyclone cyclone resistance and to study the efficiency of the experimental results show that the higher the mother Desanding cyclone-type filter effects, and numerical simulation results anastomosis; through numerical simulation of the design of the double-leaf structure unreasonable Department cyclone by the "film" According to the experimental results carried out on a double-decker cyclone blade improvement, the improved resistance is essentially the same, the efficiency increased significantly, evidence of the existence of double the feasibility of the idea leaves for cyclone optimization a new way of Key words: Desanding; new cyclone; numerical simulation; Experimental Study
机组的负荷小,热效率应该不会很高。50MW的机组回注情况下40%左右。你只有5MW啊,机型难选,效率不会太高,供考。
这一篇万方没有收录全文。 重型单轴燃气轮-发电机系统的变工况动力学建模研究及数字仿真下载PDF阅读器随着世界范围内对环境保护问题的日益重视和天然气资源的进一步开发利用,燃气轮机及其联合循环在电力生产领域中越来越占据重要的地位根据目前国内外在重型单轴燃气轮-发电机系统建模和仿真研究方面尚不完善的现状,该文建立了重型单轴燃气轮—发电机系统的变工况动力学模型并进行了一系列数字仿真实验,研究了其动力学特性并确立了模型精度论文的主要内容包括:1、重型单轴燃气轮一发电机本体系统变工况动力学模型的建立和仿真;2、重型单轴燃气轮—发电机组伺服系统动力学模型的建立和仿真;3、重型单轴燃气轮-发电机组主控制系统建模及整体仿真该文对采用不同建模方法(综合建模法、机理型灰箱建模法)得到的燃气轮-发电机组整体动力学模型(包括控制系统、伺服系统和机组本体模型三部分)进行了全数字仿真运行,复现了系统并网后在不同环境温度下加载、卸载基本负荷和尖峰负荷的变工况运行过程,检验了模型精度和控制系统的调节作用,以及对不同建模方法进行比较,得到结论为:燃气轮-发电机本体系统分别采用综合建模法和机理型灰箱建模法所建立的燃气轮-发电机组整体模型的误差都在8%以内,证明了两种建模方法都是可用的,相应的整体模型是有效的作 者: 潘蕾 学科专业: 热能动力工程 授予学位: 博士 学位授予单位: 东南大学 导师姓名: 林中达杨瑜文 学位年度: 2002 研究方向: 语 种: chi 分类号: TK6 关键词: 重型单轴燃气轮机 发电机 动力学特性 神经网络 变工况 伺服系统 主控制系统 机标分类号: 机标关键词: 单轴 燃气轮机及其联合循环 发电机系统 变工况 系统动力学模型 建模研究 发电机组 控制系统建模 建模方法 灰箱建模法 整体仿真 整体模型 伺服系统 本体系统 体动力学模型 天然气资源 动力学特性 运行过程 数字 生产领域
燃气轮机的工作介质为空气,在高沙尘环境下工作时,空气中往往含有大量不同粒径的砂粒。我校研究的高效率滤清器系统中的旋风级对于分离过滤砂粒具有显著效果,本文即是对除砂目的高性能船用燃机进气滤清器中的旋风级进行除砂性能研究,同时创新性提出双层叶片旋风分离器的思路,通过数值模拟和实验研究加以验证和结构初步改进,为高性能船用燃机进气滤清器的设计制造提供旋风级的理论基础和技术支持。旋风分离器的两个主要指标是阻力和分离效率,本文通过数值模拟与实验研究相结合的方法对其进行研究,主要进行了如下几个方面的工作: 对现有母型旋风分离器模型进行单相流和两相流的数值模拟,考察旋风分离器内部流场分布形式,不同工况下阻力特性及对不同粒径颗粒的分离效率。 在母型旋风分离的基础上基于引射定理提出双层叶片结构的新型旋风分离器的思路,数值模拟流场分布考察不同结构改变对其性能的影响。 利用风洞试验台分别对母型旋风分离器和双层叶片旋风分离器进行阻力和效率的实验研究,结果表明母型旋风分离器具有较高除砂滤清效果,与数值模拟结果基本吻合;通过数值模拟设计的双层叶片旋风分离器结构存在不合理处,受到“气膜”影响。 根据实验结果对双层叶片旋风分离器进行改进,改进后阻力基本不变,效率上升明显,证明了双层叶片的设想存在可行性,为旋风分离器优化提供了新的思路。关键词:除砂;新型旋风分离器;数值模拟;实验研究Gas turbine working medium for the air, in high-dust environment, the air often contains a lot of sand of different particle I am a high school study the efficiency of the cyclone filter system-level filter for the separation of a significant effect of sand, this article is Desanding that is the purpose of high-performance marine gas turbine inlet air filter in the Tornado class for Desanding Properties, at the same time put forward innovative ideas double cyclone leaves, through numerical simulation and experimental studies to validate and improve the structure of the initial, high-performance marine engines for the intake filter to provide the design and manufacture of Tornado-class theoretical foundation and technical Cyclone is the two main indicators of resistance and separation efficiency, the paper by numerical simulation and experimental study of a combination of methods to study, mainly the following aspects: The mother of the existing cyclone model type single-phase flow and two-phase flow numerical simulation to study the distribution of flow field inside cyclone form of resistance characteristics under different conditions and different size particles on separation In the home-based cyclone separator based on the theorem proposed based on injection of the new two-tier structure leaves the idea of cyclone, numerical simulation of flow field study of different structural changes in its The use of wind tunnel test-bed for the mother, respectively, and double-blade-type cyclone cyclone resistance and to study the efficiency of the experimental results show that the higher the mother Desanding cyclone-type filter effects, and numerical simulation results anastomosis; through numerical simulation of the design of the double-leaf structure unreasonable Department cyclone by the "film" According to the experimental results carried out on a double-decker cyclone blade improvement, the improved resistance is essentially the same, the efficiency increased significantly, evidence of the existence of double the feasibility of the idea leaves for cyclone optimization a new way of Key words: Desanding; new cyclone; numerical simulation; Experimental Study
生成的高温高压烟气进入燃气轮机膨胀也有将余热锅炉的蒸汽回注入燃气轮机电池以天然气为燃料,能放出高温高压的废气流,燃气涡轮机则用燃料电池产生的
燃气轮机的工作介质为空气,在高沙尘环境下工作时,空气中往往含有大量不同粒径的砂粒。我校研究的高效率滤清器系统中的旋风级对于分离过滤砂粒具有显著效果,本文即是对除砂目的高性能船用燃机进气滤清器中的旋风级进行除砂性能研究,同时创新性提出双层叶片旋风分离器的思路,通过数值模拟和实验研究加以验证和结构初步改进,为高性能船用燃机进气滤清器的设计制造提供旋风级的理论基础和技术支持。旋风分离器的两个主要指标是阻力和分离效率,本文通过数值模拟与实验研究相结合的方法对其进行研究,主要进行了如下几个方面的工作: 对现有母型旋风分离器模型进行单相流和两相流的数值模拟,考察旋风分离器内部流场分布形式,不同工况下阻力特性及对不同粒径颗粒的分离效率。 在母型旋风分离的基础上基于引射定理提出双层叶片结构的新型旋风分离器的思路,数值模拟流场分布考察不同结构改变对其性能的影响。 利用风洞试验台分别对母型旋风分离器和双层叶片旋风分离器进行阻力和效率的实验研究,结果表明母型旋风分离器具有较高除砂滤清效果,与数值模拟结果基本吻合;通过数值模拟设计的双层叶片旋风分离器结构存在不合理处,受到“气膜”影响。 根据实验结果对双层叶片旋风分离器进行改进,改进后阻力基本不变,效率上升明显,证明了双层叶片的设想存在可行性,为旋风分离器优化提供了新的思路。关键词:除砂;新型旋风分离器;数值模拟;实验研究Gas turbine working medium for the air, in high-dust environment, the air often contains a lot of sand of different particle I am a high school study the efficiency of the cyclone filter system-level filter for the separation of a significant effect of sand, this article is Desanding that is the purpose of high-performance marine gas turbine inlet air filter in the Tornado class for Desanding Properties, at the same time put forward innovative ideas double cyclone leaves, through numerical simulation and experimental studies to validate and improve the structure of the initial, high-performance marine engines for the intake filter to provide the design and manufacture of Tornado-class theoretical foundation and technical Cyclone is the two main indicators of resistance and separation efficiency, the paper by numerical simulation and experimental study of a combination of methods to study, mainly the following aspects: The mother of the existing cyclone model type single-phase flow and two-phase flow numerical simulation to study the distribution of flow field inside cyclone form of resistance characteristics under different conditions and different size particles on separation In the home-based cyclone separator based on the theorem proposed based on injection of the new two-tier structure leaves the idea of cyclone, numerical simulation of flow field study of different structural changes in its The use of wind tunnel test-bed for the mother, respectively, and double-blade-type cyclone cyclone resistance and to study the efficiency of the experimental results show that the higher the mother Desanding cyclone-type filter effects, and numerical simulation results anastomosis; through numerical simulation of the design of the double-leaf structure unreasonable Department cyclone by the "film" According to the experimental results carried out on a double-decker cyclone blade improvement, the improved resistance is essentially the same, the efficiency increased significantly, evidence of the existence of double the feasibility of the idea leaves for cyclone optimization a new way of Key words: Desanding; new cyclone; numerical simulation; Experimental Study
同志你好: 以下是我总结的材料,请核对后使用 祝愿你工作愉快 工程热力学 热力学是研究热现象中,物质系统在平衡时的性质和建立能量的平衡关系,以及状态发生变化时,系统与外界相互作用的学科。 工程热力学是热力学最先发展的一个分支,它主要研究热能与机械能和其他能量之间相互转换的规律及其应用,是机械工程的重要基础学科之一。 工程热力学的基本任务是:通过对热力系统、热力平衡、热力状态、热力过程、热力循环和工质的分析研究,改进和完善热力发动机、制冷机和热泵的工作循环,提高热能利用率和热功转换效率。 为此,必须以热力学基本定律为依据,探讨各种热力过程的特性;研究气体和液体的热物理性质,以及蒸发和凝结等相变规律;研究溶液特性也是分析某些类型制冷机所必需的。现代工程热力学还包括诸如燃烧等化学反应过程,溶解吸收或解吸等物理化学过程,这就又涉及化学热力学方面的基本知识。 工程热力学是关于热现象的宏观理论,研究的方法是宏观的,它以归纳无数事实所得到的热力学第一定律、热力学第二定律和热力学第三定律作为推理的基础,通过物质的压力 、温度、比容等宏观参数和受热、冷却、膨胀、收缩等整体行为,对宏观现象和热力过程进行研究。 这种方法,把与物质内部结构有关的具体性质,当作宏观真实存在的物性数据予以肯定,不需要对物质的微观结构作任何假设,所以分析推理的结果具有高度的可靠性,而且条理清楚。这是它的独特优点。 古代人类早就学会了取火和用火,不过后来才注意探究热、冷现象的实质。但直到17世纪末,人们还不能正确区分温度和热量这两个基本概念的本质。在当时流行的“热质说”统治下,人们误认为物体的温度高是由于储存的“热质”数量多。1709~1714年华氏温标和1742~1745年摄氏温标的建立,才使测温有了公认的标准。随后又发展了量热技术,为科学地观测热现象提供了测试手段,使热学走上了近代实验科学的道路。 1798年,朗福德观察到用钻头钻炮筒时,消耗机械功的结果使钻头和筒身都升温。1799年,英国人戴维用两块冰相互摩擦致使表面融化,这显然无法由“热质说”得到解释。1842年,迈尔提出了能量守恒理论,认定热是能的一种形式,可与机械能互相转化,并且从空气的定压比热容与定容比热容之差计算出热功当量。 英国物理学家焦耳于1840年建立电热当量的概念,1842年以后用不同方式实测了热功当量。1850年,焦耳的实验结果已使科学界彻底抛弃了“热质说”。公认能量守恒、能的形式可以互换的热力学第一定律为客观的自然规律。能量单位焦耳就是以他的名字命名的。 热力学的形成与当时的生产实践迫切要求寻找合理的大型、高效热机有关。1824年,法国人卡诺提出著名的卡诺定理,指明工作在给定温度范围的热机所能达到的效率极限,这实质上已经建立起热力学第二定律。但受“热质说”的影响,他的证明方法还有错误。1848年,英国工程师开尔文根据卡诺定理制定了热力学温标。1850年和1851年,德国的克劳修斯和开尔文先后提出了热力学第二定律,并在此基础上重新证明了卡诺定理。 1850~1854年,克劳修斯根据卡诺定理提出并发展了熵的概念。热力学第一定律和第二定律的确认,对于两类“永动机”的不可能实现作出了科学的最后结论,正式形成了热现象的宏观理论热力学。同时也形成了“工程热力学”这门技术科学,它成为研究热机工作原理的理论基础,使内燃机、汽轮机、燃气轮机和喷气推进机等相继取得迅速进展。 与此同时,在应用热力学理论研究物质性质的过程中,还发展了热力学的数学理论,找到了反映物质各种性质的相应的热力学函数,研究了物质在相变、化学反应和溶液特性方面所遵循的各种规律 。1906年,德国的能斯脱在观察低温现象和化学反应中发现热定理;1912年,这个定理被修改成热力学第三定律的表述形式。 二十世纪初以来,对超高压、超高温水蒸汽等物性,和极低温度的研究不断获得新成果。随着对能源问题的重视,人们对与节能有关的复合循环、新型的复合工质的研究发生了很大兴趣。
Gas turbine working medium for the air, in high-dust environment, the air often contains a lot of sand of different particle I am a high school study the efficiency of the cyclone filter system-level filter for the separation of a significant effect of sand, this article is Desanding that is the purpose of high-performance marine gas turbine inlet air filter in the Tornado class for Desanding Properties, at the same time put forward innovative ideas double cyclone leaves, through numerical simulation and experimental studies to validate and improve the structure of the initial, high-performance marine engines for the intake filter to provide the design and manufacture of Tornado-class theoretical foundation and technical Cyclone is the two main indicators of resistance and separation efficiency, the paper by numerical simulation and experimental study of a combination of methods to study, mainly the following aspects: The mother of the existing cyclone model type single-phase flow and two-phase flow numerical simulation to study the distribution of flow field inside cyclone form of resistance characteristics under different conditions and different size particles on separation In the home-based cyclone separator based on the theorem proposed based on injection of the new two-tier structure leaves the idea of cyclone, numerical simulation of flow field study of different structural changes in its The use of wind tunnel test-bed for the mother, respectively, and double-blade-type cyclone cyclone resistance and to study the efficiency of the experimental results show that the higher the mother Desanding cyclone-type filter effects, and numerical simulation results anastomosis; through numerical simulation of the design of the double-leaf structure unreasonable Department cyclone by the "film" According to the experimental results carried out on a double-decker cyclone blade improvement, the improved resistance is essentially the same, the efficiency increased significantly, evidence of the existence of double the feasibility of the idea leaves for cyclone optimization a new way of Key words: Desanding; new cyclone; numerical simulation; Experimental Study仅供参考
这一篇万方没有收录全文。 重型单轴燃气轮-发电机系统的变工况动力学建模研究及数字仿真下载PDF阅读器随着世界范围内对环境保护问题的日益重视和天然气资源的进一步开发利用,燃气轮机及其联合循环在电力生产领域中越来越占据重要的地位根据目前国内外在重型单轴燃气轮-发电机系统建模和仿真研究方面尚不完善的现状,该文建立了重型单轴燃气轮—发电机系统的变工况动力学模型并进行了一系列数字仿真实验,研究了其动力学特性并确立了模型精度论文的主要内容包括:1、重型单轴燃气轮一发电机本体系统变工况动力学模型的建立和仿真;2、重型单轴燃气轮—发电机组伺服系统动力学模型的建立和仿真;3、重型单轴燃气轮-发电机组主控制系统建模及整体仿真该文对采用不同建模方法(综合建模法、机理型灰箱建模法)得到的燃气轮-发电机组整体动力学模型(包括控制系统、伺服系统和机组本体模型三部分)进行了全数字仿真运行,复现了系统并网后在不同环境温度下加载、卸载基本负荷和尖峰负荷的变工况运行过程,检验了模型精度和控制系统的调节作用,以及对不同建模方法进行比较,得到结论为:燃气轮-发电机本体系统分别采用综合建模法和机理型灰箱建模法所建立的燃气轮-发电机组整体模型的误差都在8%以内,证明了两种建模方法都是可用的,相应的整体模型是有效的作 者: 潘蕾 学科专业: 热能动力工程 授予学位: 博士 学位授予单位: 东南大学 导师姓名: 林中达杨瑜文 学位年度: 2002 研究方向: 语 种: chi 分类号: TK6 关键词: 重型单轴燃气轮机 发电机 动力学特性 神经网络 变工况 伺服系统 主控制系统 机标分类号: 机标关键词: 单轴 燃气轮机及其联合循环 发电机系统 变工况 系统动力学模型 建模研究 发电机组 控制系统建模 建模方法 灰箱建模法 整体仿真 整体模型 伺服系统 本体系统 体动力学模型 天然气资源 动力学特性 运行过程 数字 生产领域
天然气是自然界中一切天然生成的各种气体的混合物。是蕴藏在地层内的可燃性气体,主要成份是甲烷、乙烷等气体。 天然气易燃易爆,和空气混合后,温度达到550℃左右就会燃烧;其混合物浓度达到5%-15%,遇到火种就会爆炸。天然气热值高,约8500-10000千卡/米3,天然气燃烧后发出的热量是相同体积的城市煤气的5倍左右。我们一定要注意安全啊! 天然气主要可用于发电,以天然气为燃料的燃气轮机电厂的废物排放水平大大低于燃煤与燃油电厂,而且发电效率高,建设成本低,建设速度快;另外,燃气轮机启停速度快,调峰能力强,耗水量少,占地省。天然气也可用作化工原料。以天然气为原料的一次加工产品主要有合成氨、甲醇、炭黑等近20个品种,经二次或三次加工后的重要化工产品则包括甲醛、醋酸、碳酸二甲酯等50个品种以上。以天然气为原料的化工生产装置投资省、能耗低、占地少、人员少、环保性好、运营成本低。天然气广泛用于民用及商业燃气灶具、热水器、采暖及制冷,也用于造纸、冶金、采石、陶瓷、玻璃等行业,还可用于废料焚烧及干燥脱水处理。天然气汽车的一氧化碳、氮氧化物与碳氢化合物排放水平都大大低于汽油、柴油发动机汽车,不积碳,不磨损,运营费用很低,是一种环保型汽车。天然气的作用还真多! 我曾经看过这样一个故事:有一位年轻富豪,娶了一位努力勤奋的妻子。才结婚没多久,那位女士就生下了一个白白胖胖的女婴。当女孩五岁时,他们一家三口搬到了一个新地方去住。两天后,女孩的爸爸妈妈去出差。女孩在家里东望望,西瞧瞧,看到了厨房里的“巨人”煤气罐,飞一样地冲过去。她还小,不懂事,踮起脚来,把手向上伸了伸,碰到了开煤气的地方,于是,女孩拼命地扭啊扭。突然,一股强大的气流把她弹了出去,还有一股气味扑鼻而来。可怜的小女孩,就这样失去了生命。==========================不是原创,请你参考模仿使用。
The ship gas turbine work environment and atmosphere, ocean ocean is atmosphere contains a lot of salt and aerosol form existence, the amount of gas turbine inlet filter must have good requirements of salt This article is aimed at increasingly high load Marine salt in the traditional form, the air filter (whirlwind -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- before screen after grade inertia) basis, the inertia to form a new intake filter (former inertial level -- -- after a whirlwind level) Inertial This scheme conception from the air in the air after the son through the whirlwind tiny aerosol particles, and inertia is condensed liquid level in large and small resistance First class by inertia, most of the large drops by cyclone level will droplets, finally will surplus liquid level by inertia Using numerical simulation and experimental research method combining research combined form the new intake filter resistance properties and efficiency, high performance for the gas turbine inlet filter Marine research a With the method of numerical simulation of each component, based on the flow characteristics, and optimize the existing components, while using special experimental comparison of two kind of combination wind model performance, filter, the feasibility and the idea of the accuracy of the numerical Key words: Marine air filter, Numerical simulation, Experimental studyGas turbine for gas turbinesPacked bed filter sieveInertia inertial level stageWhirlwind cyclone level stageMultilayer level pad gauze net stageAerosol aerosols
Abstract:The work of ship gas turbine marine environment is the atmosphere, the atmosphere and the ocean and contains a lot of salt in aerosol form into the gas turbines require a great intake filter must have a good efficiency of This article is for marine engines is getting higher and higher requirements of desalination, in the form of traditional intake filter (Tornado - former habitual level - screen - after the inertia level), based on a new attempt intake filter combinations (former habitual level - Tornado class - after the level of inertia) The idea of this program from the air after a whirlwind after the sub-micro-air pool with the role of aerosol particles, and the level of inertia with the exception of large droplets and the characteristics of small First of all, by the inertia class will get rid of most of the droplets, and then by the Tornado class will gather in small droplets, and finally by the inertial-grade filter out the remaining The use of numerical simulation and experimental study of the method of combining the form of the new intake of the resistance characteristics of filter performance and efficiency for high-performance marine gas turbine inlet air filter for a try to the To numerical simulation methods based on study of the flow characteristics of the various components, and components have been optimized, while the use of special wind tunnel experiments comparing the two filter model portfolio performance, verify the feasibility of the concept and numerical the accuracy of Keywords: marine filter inlet; numerical simulation; Experimental Study 楼上连关键词都没翻
作者: Raymond George Klaus Hassmann【摘要】燃料电池具有非同寻常的性能: 电效率可达60%以上,而且可以在带着部分负荷运行的情况下进行维修,除了有低比率碳氧化物排放外几乎没有任何有害的排放物。文章介绍按温度划分的4种主要燃料电池(PEMFC、PAFC、MCFC和SOFC)的性能,重点介绍高温固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的应用及其发展前景。 With demonstration projects fuel cells are Well uder way toward penetrating the power market,covering a wide range of application.This paper introduces the main four types of fuel cells which are PEMFC,PAFC,MCFC and SOFC.Then it puts the emphasis on SOFC and its application market. 燃料电池是通过由电解液分隔开的2个电极中间的燃料(如天然气、甲醇或纯净氢气)的化学反应直接产生出电能。与汽轮发电机生产的电能相比,燃料电池具有非同寻常的特性:它的电效率可达60%以上,可以在带部分负荷运行的情况下进行维修,而且除了排放低比率碳氧化物外,几乎没有任何其他的有害排放物。1 燃料电池的分类 目前研制的燃料电池技术在运行温度上有不同的类型,从比室温略高直到高达1000℃的范围。大多数工业集团公司的注意力集中在以下4种主要类型上:(1)运行温度在60-80℃之间的聚合物电解液隔膜型燃料电池(PEMFC);(2)运行温度在160-220℃之间的磷酸类燃料电池(PAFC);(3)运行温度在620-660℃之间的熔融碳酸盐类燃料电池(MCFC);(4)运行温度在880-1000℃之间的固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)。 可以将这些类型的燃料电池划分为低温型(100℃及以下)、中温型(约200℃左右)及高温型(600-l000℃)燃料电池。 表1简要地列出了各种类型燃料电池的性能。中温型和高温型燃料电池适于用在静止式装置上,而低温型燃料电池对于静止装置和移动式装置都适用。 实用装置的功率容量差别也很大,可以给笔记本电脑及移动电话供电(数以W计),也可以给居民住宅(数kW)或是分散的电热设备和动力设备(数百KW到数MW)供电。 最适于用来驱动汽车的是低温型燃料电池。 根据使用期限成本进行的经济性比较结果表明,就发电成本而言,SOFC型燃料电池要PEM型低30%。这个结果是根据SOFC型燃料电池的电效率比PEM型的高,这2种燃料电池最终都可以达到l000美元/KW的投资成本这一假设条件而推导出来的。 2 高温燃科电池 高温型燃料电池具有许多适于在静止式装置上使用的特性。但是在高温型燃料电池产生出电能之前需要较长的加热过程,因而这种技术不能应用于要求在短时间内频繁起动的各种实用装置。此外,高温型燃料电池还具有以下特点: (1)不需要使用贵金属来催化电化学反应。一般情况下使用陶瓷材料。 (2)对CO完全没有限制。CO参加到电化学反应过程并像H2一样被氧化。 (3)对燃料表现出高度灵活性。可以给这类燃料电池发电设备供应天然气,天然气在设备内部被转换成H2和CO。这意味着无需任何外部燃料,从而大大简化了发电设备的平衡问题。 (4)高温可以将燃气轮机连接到该系统上,在这种情况下,燃料电池发电设备是在300kPa压力下运行,并在不考虑燃气轮机输出的情况下将燃料电池的功率密度提高约20%,因此使总的电效率提高10%,可成倍地降低使用期限成本。 (5)较高的运行温度也为排热提供了更多的灵活性。在电效率达60%或更高水平的联合循环系统中可限制废热排放,而在单循环下则会排放出更多的热量。 MCFC和SOFC是这类高温型燃料电池的2种技术。它们使用的材料不同。MCFC是在一只陶瓷容器中放入液态的金属碳酸盐作为电解液,如果没有采取防止电极老化的措施,燃料电他的使用寿命会受到影响。 在MCFC中电化学反应是由CO3离子引发的。MCFC采用的是颊型电池,和SOFC型的管形设计方案相比,这种颊型电他的功率密度要稍微高一些。这在成本上要比SOFC型装置优越。但在另一方面,由于SOFC所用的陶瓷材料非常稳定,可以用在950-1000℃范围内,所以SOFC装置在抗老化性能上更具优越性。到目前为止,所有的长期电池试验和正在运行的试验性机组都表明SOFC型装置的使用寿命可以达到70 000-80 000h,是MCFC型的2倍。 MCFC和SOFC 2种技术在进行100-250kW功率范围的单循环现场试验中,成本都有大幅度的下降。目前在MCFC开发上占有主导地位的是美国的Fuel Cell Energy公司及其在德国的授权单位MTU,日本的Ishikawajima-Harima重工(IHI)和三菱公司等。而Siemens Westinghouse在SOFC开发上处于领先水平。3 中温型燃料电池 目前磷酸类燃料电池(PAFC)是具有最先进技术的燃料电池。80年代,IFC(国际燃料电池公司)决定对其前期商业化生产线进行投资,制造和销售200kW的PAFC装置,并将其投入市场。东芝公司在80年代末就已经努力使PAFC技术进入商用市场。从此,PAFC技术就一直在静止燃料电池的市场中占据着显赫的位置。迄今为止,全球已经安装了150多套PAFC燃料电池装置。 研究表明,这种燃料电池未能实现市场商业化的原因大致有以下几方面: (1)电效率最高为40%,超过维修期限后会降到35%甚至更低水平。通常情况下设备的使用期限不超过20 000运行h。 (2)有些试验性的设备(如东芝公司管理的1套11MW设备未能达到顶期的性能水平。 (3)美国和日本政府大幅度削缩用于PAFC技术研究和开发的投资。 (4)从迄今积累的经验及在改善设计参数和降低产品成本方面的潜力来看,让PAFC技术成功地跻身于当今的市场中的可能性是极低的。4 SOFC在配电市场方面的潜力 Siemens Westinghouse公司根据对市场的分析,决定采取必要的措施加快SOFC技术进入市场的步伐。预计在2003-2004年提供第l批产品,进入商业性生产前的试验阶段,装置容量从目前的2MW扩大到15MW。 北美和欧洲被认为是SOFC燃料电池技术最有希望的市场。Hagler Bailly公司和西门子公司对功率范围为250 kW-l MW的市场进行了调查,结果表明到2005年SOFC燃料电池的市场容量为每年10000MW。北美和欧洲几乎各占50%。考虑到北美洲用户的结构和他们的需求,在北美洲各类小型发电机组的总容量在2010年可能达到每年约1000MW,其中600MW可能是燃料电池发电装置。在各种类型的燃料电池中,SOFC的市场份额约占40%,到2010年在北美洲SOFC的全年销售额将达到4亿美元。 在竞争日益激烈的配电市场中的另一个获胜者是微型燃气轮机,主要是作为备用电源或辅助电源。由于SOFC和微型燃气轮机的特性适于不同的应用场所,SOFC效率高但投资成本也高,而微型燃气轮机成本低但效率也低,因而这2种技术不会产生市场上竞争。而往复式发动机会逐渐失去其在市场中的份额。 欧洲电网要比北美洲电网强大得多,欧洲电网强化了集中的大型发电厂的作用。因此在北美洲经常出现的分散式电热设备和动力装置的供电质量和供电可靠性问题在欧洲是不突出的。但另一方面,在欧洲对能量储存更为敏感。 此外,一些国家政府将颁布新的规程和法律及新的能源价格,预计欧洲各国之间市场份额会有重大差异。在有些情况下这个过程会给SOFC用于配电装置起到一定的促进作用。此外,欧洲的自由化近程落后于北美洲。因此,市场预测结果会有很大程度的不确定性。5 SOFC技术应用的扩展 使用天然气作为燃料的SOFC是车载式装置,其扩展应用可有以下几种形式:(1)家庭应用:新一代燃料电池将是扁平管型的,其功率密度是目前所用圆柱型燃料电池技术的2倍,因而将制造出5kW的燃料电池装置。这种设计方案是可行的,在配电市场中可以替代圆柱型燃料电池。(2)l0MW以上的系统装置:很显然,只要SOFC技术占有了功率范围在250-10MW的市场,那么下一步最必然的是要争取占有l0MW以上更大规模发电设备的市场。通过把更多SOFC链接起来便能实现这个目标,也满足了高效率低成本的要求。20MW级规模燃料电池的电效率已经接近甚至超过70%。(3)用液态燃料运行:使用天然气作为燃料将SOFC的应用局限在靠近天然气供气网的区域内,从而使这项新技术的应用受到限制。因此存在着让SOFC使用液态燃料的迫切要求。因此,应与大型石油公司合作进行该课题的研究开发,选择一种适宜的液体燃料并设计出最适于使用这种新燃料的SOFC发电装置,以便为边远的用户服务。 (4)C02的分离:Shell公司和 Siemens Westinghouse公司正在共同研制一种能将CO2从完全反应后的燃料中分离的SOFC设飞方案。例如,当把其装在用于回收油的平台上时,可以把CO2用泵压到地下储层中,这不但可省去CO2的排放税,还可提高原油的产出量。 (5)综合性应用:CO2分离装置可能是点火的火花装置,它使得SOFC在一种封闭且可再生的能量循环中成为关键性部件。经过-段时间,SOFC能产生出热量和电力,例如用于大型暖房的设施中,SOFC装置产生的C02可用来加快植物的生长。而任何一种农作物收获后的剩余有机物都可以转化为气体供给SOFC作燃料。
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