当代西方经济学流派论文

西方经济学，就是被运用于西方市场经济国家的经济学，有市场经济学之称。以 1776 年亚当·斯密《国富论》的出版为标志，西方经济学历经了 200 多年的风雨沧桑。在这个不长不短的历史进程中，从斯密、李加图、萨伊、穆勒、马尔萨斯、马歇尔到凯恩斯、弗里德曼、萨谬尔森、卢卡斯、斯蒂格利茨，经济学大师辈出；从古典经济学、新古典经济学到凯恩斯主义经济学、新古典宏观经济学和新凯恩斯主义经济学，经济学流派林立。百花齐放，百家争鸣，带来西方经济学的不断创新和发展，以致于文献上有“经济学帝国”之称。 � 西方经济学 它主要介绍流行于西方市场经济国家的现代经济理论与经济政策。它既研究古老而又现代的家政管理，又研究多姿多彩的企业经营，还大胆解说政府日益加码的经济调控。它既赞美价格机制这只“看不见的手”的效率优势，也无情的剖析市场机制在不少领域资源配置上的诸多缺陷。 主要包括微观经济学和宏观经济学。微观经济学 -- 研究家庭、厂商和市场合理配置经济资源的科学 -- 以单个经济单位的经济行为为对象；以资源的合理配置为解决的主要问题；以价格理论为中心理论；以个量分析为方法；其基本假定是市场出清、完全理性、充分信息。宏观经济 - 研究国民经济的整体运行中充分利用经济资源的科学 — 以国民经济整体的运行为对象；以资源的充分利用为解决的主要问题；以收入理论为中心理论；以总量分析为方法，其基本假定为市场失灵、政府有效。 从方法上看，西方经济学运用实证分析和规范分析梁中方法。实证分析企图超脱于一切价值判断，只研究经济本身的内在规律，并据此分析和预测人们的经济行为效果，着重回答“是什么”的问题。实证分析的步骤。定义 ---- 对经济学所研究的各种变量规定明确的含义；这里的变量有内生变量和外生变量、流量和存量；内生变量是一种理论内所要解释的变量，外生变量是一种在理论内影响其他变量而他本身则由理论外的因素来决定的变量；存量是通常在一定时点上才能有效测定的变量，流量是指通常在一定时期内才能有效测定的变量；假设 ---- 某一理论所适用的条件，在假设条件下得出结论，就象自然科学在严格的假定条件下分析自然现象一样，事实上整个社会即使天然的实验室；假说 ---- 未经证明的各个经济变量之间的关系；预测 ---- 根据假说对未来进行预期规范分析通过设定一些价值判断和好与坏的标准，作为经济理论的前提和制定政策的依据，并研究如何才能符合这些标准，着重回答“应该是什么”的问题。 西方经济学德发展可以主要分为三个部分，即古典经济学、新古典经济学与现代经济学。古典经济学 — 从 17 世纪中期开始到 19 世纪 70 年代为止 — 包括英国经济学家斯密、李嘉图、西尼尔、穆勒、马尔萨斯，法国经济学家萨伊 — 以斯密为代表，其 1776 年出版的《国富论》被称为经济学上的第一次革命，建立了以自由放任为中心的经济学体系，他标志着经济学的诞生 — 代表性的教科书是穆勒《政治经济学原理及其在社会哲学上的应用》流行了 20 年。新古典经济学 — 从 19 世纪的“边际革命”开始到 20 世纪 30 年代为止 — 包括英国经济学家杰文史、马歇尔，法国经济学家瓦尔拉斯 — 边际效用价值论的提出被说成是经济学上的第二次革命，他标志着新古典经济学的开始，马歇尔在 1890 年发表的《经济学原理》是其代表性的教科书。现代经济学 — 开始于 20 世纪 30 年代凯恩史主义的产生 --- 包括英国经济学家凯恩史、琼·罗宾逊、斯拉伐，以及美国经济学家萨缪尔森、弗里德曼和卢卡斯 — 其中凯恩斯在 1936 年出版的的《就业利息和货币通论》标志着当代经济学的产生，该书与爱因斯坦的《相对论》、达尔文的《物种起源》、马克思的《资本论》被人们称着改变世界历史的四大著作；而萨缪尔森的 1948 年开始发行的《经济学》至今已出第十六版，是第三本好教科书

《当代西方经济学主要流派》（方福前）电子书网盘下载免费在线阅读链接: -f89LNDInJe0wdmsw 提取码: quci书名：当代西方经济学主要流派作者：方福前豆瓣评分：4出版社：中国人民大学出版社出版年份：2004-12页数：467内容简介：《当代西方经济学主要流派》内容涵盖了20世纪以来西方经济学主要流派的理论、分歧和影响。按照各个流派产生的先后次序，《当代西方经济学主要流派》重点论述了6个西方经济学主流学派，它们是经济学中的古典学派、凯恩斯主义、货币主义、新古典宏观经济学、供给学派和新凯恩斯主义。近20年来，在世界上影响最大的3个西方经济学非主流学派——新制度经济学、公共选择学派（理论）和奥地利学派，也写入了《当代西方经济学主要流派》。这6个主流派和3个非主流派勾画出20世纪西方宏观经济学发展的主要图景。《当代西方经济学主要流派》从动态和立体的视角描述了当代西方经济学主要流派的产生、发展以及它们之间的关系（分歧与联系），分析了这些流派的特色和对经济理论、经济实践的影响。《当代西方经济学主要流派》融入了作者自己的许多研究成果和独立见解。《当代西方经济学主要流派》不但可以丰富读者的经济学知识，提升经济理论水平，尤其是深化对宏观经济学的理解，而且可以引导读者把握当代西方经济学的发展趋势和西方发达国家的经济政策走向。《当代西方经济学主要流派》主要是依据第一手资料写成的。为了保证内容的真实性和观点的准确性，《当代西方经济学主要流派》大量地使用引文，这些引文基本上都是来自英文原文和原著。《当代西方经济学主要流派》主要是为我国高等学校经济学和管理学各专业硕士研究生编写的，使用《当代西方经济学主要流派》的读者最好是系统地学完了西方微观经济学和宏观经济学课程。

Summarize the key message of an article called” Land of the Rising Price”:A burst of inflation has happened in Japan in 2008, which makes the price A broker named Christopher Wood points out that it is definitely But others don’t agree with the John Richards, who works in the Royal Bank of Scotland in Tokyo, claims that the recovery in Japan has depended on exports too However, the demand from Asia, America and Europe has slowed this The rising price causes to reduce companies’ profit margins, while customers’ purchasing power also Richard Jerram, who works in Macquarie Capital Securities in Tokyo, suggests that when the value of savings is changed by inflation, households are possible to transfer savings into other assets in order to get higher But M Wood argues that the bad inflation, which makes the various costs increase, is another type of That will cause rapid and deep change in Japan according to the He strongly believes that the rapid and deep change will happen However, that will not One of important reason is that the interest rate can’t be increased by the central bank as quickly as the bank would Another reason is that if money remains cheap, corporate reform is impossible to take So the inflation is not good news for JWhat cause deflation in Japan:Deflation is a process of falling price, which is the opposite of Price levels are highly connected with the relationship between the supply and the To understand and express the definition of deflation simply, there is assumption that we are on an isolated island and there are 10 same goods and ten $00 bills that are able to buy them If everyone wants to get one of them, it is obvious that each good costs $ However, if some people don’t want to get it, the price in each good will decrease because sellers want to sell all of So they have to decrease the price in order to encourage people who don’t want to buy any more buy the This is one of types of deflation, which is caused by decreasing the demand of (InflationD, ND)To express the theory more clearly, let’s see a diagram In this diagram, the horizon axis y represents total product (national income), while the straight axis represents price AD represents aggregate demand curve, while AS represents aggregate supply When the aggregate demand curve drops from AD to AD’, the total product, which depends on the point of intersection between AD curve and AS curve, don’t increase, is still y’ But the price level decreases from P to P’ So this is deflation caused by decreasing the demand of But in the isolated island, if the quantity of money drops to $0, while the number of goods is 10, the price in each good will decreases to $ This is another type of deflation, which is caused by reducing the supply of By the way, the supply of money can also be dropped if someone holds half of money on the island and refuses to spend it on (InflationD, ND)According to the line chart in the article called” Land of the Rising Price”, it is clear that the consumer price fluctuated at very low level during the last ten That means the purchasing power is low, which is a sign of The situation in the last ten years is caused by decreasing the demand of goods or decreasing the supply of Is deflation good for an economy?In fact, whether deflation is good or not depends on the cause of the If deflation is caused by increasing the goods supply, it will be For example, in the late 19th century, with the industrial revolution happening, the productivity of goods was So the supply of goods obviously went Therefore, the price level Decreasing the goods demand or increasing the goods supply has the same If, however, deflation is caused by reducing money supply, it will be The economy contracted because of lack of People may lose their Thus, banks don’t loan money because people have no ability to pay off Therefore, money supply will fall again, while more people may lose their (InflationD, ND)BOJ’s monetary policyMonetary policy is generally classified as an expansionary policy and a contractionary A policy is referred to as contractionary if it decreases the supply of money or increases the interest An expansionary policy raises the supply of money, or drops the interest Obvious from the line chart in the article called” Land of the Rising Price”, the gross interest income dropped quickly from 1994 to In other words, the interest rate in the 12 years decreased That means BOJ’s monetary policy was an expansionary Therefore, the supply of money could be increased using this That would activate the aggregate (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2008)Though the policy was on the correct track, I don’t think BOJ was successful in solving the deflation One of important reason is that the time of reducing interest rate was more than 10 years, which was too That means BOJ did not find a suitable interest rate during the 12 Another important reason is that when a burst of inflation has happened in 2008, the aggregate demand is not activated The inflation relies on Japan imports mostly, rather than increasing domestic So the purpose of the policy has not achieved The third reason is that the interest rate can’t be increased by BOJ as quickly as BOJ would Bad overseas and domestic economic situation prevent from increasing the interest So generally, BOJ was not successful in solving the Interest rate, exports and exchange rateThe interest rate has very strong effect on the exchange As we all know, the interest rate level depends on the relationship between the demand and the supply in foreign exchange Foreign exchange is one type of financial An investor chooses and holds it because it brings capital Actually, the return of currency in each country is measured by the interest rate in each country’s financial If the interest rate of currency in one country rises, the return will also rise, attracting investors to buy the If the interest rate drops, the return will Therefore, the attraction of the currency is BOJ has kept the interest rate low, which is the lowest of any G8 That means the interest rate of Japanese Yen is lower than many other countries, which leads to increasing capital outflows, reducing capital Thus, investors who hold Japanese Yen will sell the currency, which will make the exchange rate Decreasing exchange rate of Japanese Yen always leads to rising Japanese exports and reducing the First, with the depreciation of Japanese Yen, price of domestic goods is lower than price of foreign So the demand of domestic goods will increase, while the demand of foreign goods will It is good for Japanese exports and international Second, with the increase of the demand of domestic goods, the price level will go up, while the employment will rise, increasing the national The behavior of companies and consumersIn deflation period, the price in the market is As a result, the company profits are So a company is trying its best to make the cost of production lower in order to remain One way to achieve the aim is to reduce the nominal Therefore, people spend less money in purchasing so that they will show the sign of belt- Actually, the deflation lasted for more than 10 So when the inflation is happening, the price level is Therefore, companies expected that the increased price level might solve the problem caused by So they have struggled to pay more wages and hire more workers so that the cost is But unfortunately, rising price level don’t solve the Therefore, company profits are decreasing because the cost is increasing in the inflation In fact, in the short run, even though inflation is happening, people are not responding to that because they don’t know the price in future will be higher than current price, at least in the short

《西方经济学的终结》中指出，艾奇沃兹所研究的对象从理论上不能说不存在，但是这种情况是极其少见微乎其微的特例，用它作为一种经济学理论就太过勉强了。更一般的要素分配已经在《西方经济学的终结》中列举出来了。 /html/jingjililun