关于动物实验的文献有哪些

超过量迷幻药试大象 1962年，美国科学家测试迷幻药对大象的反应，向一头大象发射注射器，里面装着的迷幻药份量是人类最高份量的3000倍，大象中枪后大声狂叫，然后蹲下，即使科学家企图用解药救它，但它仍在1个小时内死亡。科学家总结：“大象似乎对迷幻药反应高度敏感。” 注射药品企图令死人复活 1930年代，加州大学科学家科尼什企图令死人复活，上下摇动尸体，希望令尸体恢复血液循环，同时注射肾上腺素和抗凝血剂。这个实验惹起大学争议，科尼什转到家里做实验，利用吸尘机制成心肺机器，一名死囚当时自愿接受实验，但遭当局反对，忧虑若实验成功，监狱便要释放他。 开灯播音乐测张眼睡觉 1960年，爱丁堡大学睡眠专家奥斯瓦尔德想知道人类是否可以张开双眼睡觉，要求自愿人士躺在沙发上，用胶纸贴着他们双眼，令他们不能闭上眼睛，然后在他们面前放一排光灯，又在他们腿部接驳电极电痛他们，更向他们耳朵大声播放音乐。3名勇敢的自愿人士接受实验，但即使重重障碍，电子大脑摄影图显示，他们全部人12分钟内就睡着了。 火鸡模型拆件测性欲 宾夕法尼亚州大学科学家沙因和黑尔测试雄性火鸡的性欲，把它关在房间中与一只栩栩如生的雌性火鸡模型朝夕相对，结果发现它对着模型也能激起性欲。科学家又想知道雄性火鸡什么情况下才对雌性火鸡模型失去兴趣，于是把模型的尾巴、脚、翼逐样拆除，最后拆剩鸡头，但雄性火鸡仍然性欲旺盛，冲向模型想做爱。作者白泽表示：“最后模型只余下一枝竹撑着鸡头，雄性火鸡仍感兴趣。事实上，它喜欢一枝竹撑着鸡头多过无头身体。” 另外，一本名为《ElephantsonAcid》的书亦收录了20种历来最古怪的实验，以下是部分实验： 制20双头短命狗 1954年，前苏联科学家德米科夫成功研制出一只有两个头的狗，震撼全球。他利用外科手术，在莫斯科市郊实验室把一只小狗的头、两肩和两只前腿移植到一头成年德国狼狗的颈上，之后15年，他造了20只两头狗，但由于组织排斥，最长命的一只也只活了1个月。 斩头狗懂眨眼 1920年代，前苏联科学家布鲁康伦科发明了一部心肺机器，成功令被斩头的狗头仍有生命。他1928年展示实验结果，把狗头放在台上，然后拍着，狗头作出畏惧反应，用光照狗头双眼，眼睛会眨眼。 孕育人与猩猩混种 1927年，前苏联科学家伊万诺夫试图孕育人类和猩猩的混种动物，于是前往非洲秘密进行实验，两次尝试利用人类精子为一只雌性黑猩猩进行人功授孕，但不成功。 黑猩猩与人类一起成长 1931年，心理学家凯洛格测试一只黑猩猩婴儿在人类养育下会否像人类，结果黑猩猩婴儿的语言能力令人失望，连与它一同玩耍的人类婴儿语言能力也受影响，最后终止实验。

样读文献做任何事情，包括做实验和读文献，都有一定的“目的”。带着“目的”去做事情，就能事半功倍。还比说，我做实验或者我修改别人的文章，我都要问：本工作的意义在于什么？卖点是什么？为什么要做这个工作？为什么要设计具体的这套实验？这套实验和下套实验的关系是什么？做这些实验是为了什么，是随便看着玩玩的呢，还是做完后有潜在发表文章机会，就是说不能为了做实验而做实验。同理，读文献也有一定“目的”，如果能带着“目的”去读文献，那么吸收知识率更高了，这是一本介绍快速阅读方法的书告诉我的。读文献的目的有多种。比如在开展具体的科研之前，需要进行进行文献调研，其目的是调查该课题的来龙去脉，提出点子。在实验进展中也读文献，目的是继续跟踪最新文献。如果在实验中遇到困惑的问题，也有针对性地用搜索引擎找文献，目的是寻求答案。在最后写文章的时候也继续阅读，目的是深化对自己文章的认识，寻求答案。如果被邀请写综述，那么读文献的目的就更加明确了，就是为了写综述服务。并不是所有读到的文献都能被写到综述里面去，但是读到能“为我所用”的文章（即能被引用到综述里面去的好文章），自是兴趣十足。至少，花了这些劳动力读文献，收获是看得见的。还有些文献，读了以后收获是看不见的，在我就是喜欢读文献读书一文中有说明。这些文献是指和自己的课题毫无关系的文献。比如说做具体的“一氧化碳在黄金催化剂上催化氧化”课题的人读“溶剂热合成半导体纳米材料”、“碳纳米管的表面修饰”之类的文献。读这些文献的目的是进行所谓“可持续发展”。无论读什么样的文献，我都有明确的目的，并把看过的文献分门别类用文件夹放好，每个文件夹上写明具体的专题，如“黄金催化剂在环保中的应用”、“溶剂热合成氧化物”等，这样条理清楚，很快就能找到。在撰写句体的科研文章时，往往会从这些文件夹里面抽调文献进行精读，或者我干脆把需要精读的文献重新打印一份组成“临时工作组”，把这些“临时工作组”放在一个文件夹里面，在封面上写好“JournalofPhysicalChemistry文章，整理中”。这样进行分类管理后，我随时能找到要找的文献。在读具体的文献时，有的人偏好读图，有的人偏好读文字，有的人偏好读摘要。我要说这完全取决于不同的目的。有的人的目的只是浏览学科发展最新进展，每天上美国化学会志的网站看图文摘要，看到感兴趣的再看摘要，更感兴趣的看全文。我读和自己课题无关的文章一般从头读到尾，除非读了几句感到不对路子、不感兴趣。为了了解大意，我一般看文字多于看图，首先看作者怎么说，做到不看图也能搞清楚作者怎么说。我更看重引言部分和讨论部份。引言部分提供背景知识介绍，通过阅读引言部分，我吸收了新知识，知道该课题为什么重要，作者为什么要做这个研究，现在存在什么问题，作者用了什么方法，得到什么结果。而对于具体的“对口”的文章（比如作者做的东西和自己做的课题一样），那就要仔细看了。带着问题去看：本文主要讲了什么？本文的目的是什么？作者用了什么方法？作者的结果是什么？这些结果在这个课题中达到了什么高度？是否是非常重要的贡献？哪些东西是有原创性的，哪些东西没有？哪些数据是合理解释的，哪些有问题？哪些实验做得不好？哪些问题还没有搞清楚？还缺乏什么实验？这篇文章写得好还是写得不好？哪些部份写得好，哪些部份写得不好？如果自己是作者，应该怎样写才能写得更好？也就是说，带着问号去看文献，拿着记号笔去标注文献，在纸上留下自己的记号。一篇文献至少要在不同的时间看三遍才行：开展课题前一遍，做实验中一遍，写文章中一遍，每次都会有不同的收获。读文献能融会贯通：当你第一次看到溶剂热合成氧化钛的某一篇文献时，是没有什么上下文的，只是被动接受。可是你后来读到溶剂热合成氧化钛的其它一堆文献，反过来再来读当初的那一篇文献，就有新的体会，知道当初那篇文献究竟有多少价值。后来你还读了溶剂热合成其它氧化物，甚至读了其它方法合成其它氧化物的文献和综述，那么看得就更宽广、更远了，“上下文”就更清楚了。有了这种“上下文”和逻辑思维、鉴别能力，写自己的科研论文也如履平地了！看了以后还要分门别类地整理，把文献放在不同的文件夹里面。甚至还可以写开题报告、文献小结。看到一定的程度，就有一种鉴赏能力。到目前，我至少读了3000篇文献。如果以后我当了教授，我给学生期末考试的题目是做一个项目：选读最近三年发表在德国应用化学会志上和催化有关的文章，挑出一篇你认为非常优秀的文章，写报告评析为什么好；再挑出一篇你认为根本不够格的文章，写报告评析为什么坏。硕士生做题一，博士生做题二。我在这里再出一道思考题：精读以下一篇文章，从选题、实验点子、实验设计、实验结果、写作五个方面分别分析以下这篇文章，评析各方面的强项和弱项。评析这篇文章的“真实价值”是什么杂志？应该怎样写文章才能发表在德国应用化学会志或者美国化学会志？"target="_blank">HTMLSTART如果读文章都能象以上做题一样带着几十个问号，那么看文章水平一定上升飞快!

It is now mid-July, the village this evening in celebration of National D Children leaping around the bonfire of joy, when the sounds of the drum with each fireworks off alone in a dark corner, listening to the field of festival concerts, field programs than the programs staged in the village square is more The night was late night 9:00, the weather is cooler, the cicada is no longer It during the day and sing all day, evening fell, the rest, but the rest is often In the thick foliage of the plane trees, suddenly issued a whine like a short, sharp This is the desperate wail of cicadas in a quiet rest, night fanatical hunter green Grasshopper caught Let's stay away from the hustle and bustle to listen, and went to When caught cicadas are still struggling, the Indus trees on the program is still in progress, but the chorus has changed Now turn night artists Sensitive ears can hear the green leaves of the law of the jungle around at the Grasshopper in a whisper to That sound like a pulley, which was very interesting, vague rustling like dry wrinkled Mute and continuous bass, from time to time issued by a burst of very sharp and rapid, near-metal collision crisp sound, this is the katydid's song and music section, and the rest is the While singing the bass have been strengthened, the concert anyway, or humble, very Although in my ear, there are a dozen Grasshopper concert, but their voice is not strong, my ear's tympanic membrane is not able to capture a weak The Shino frogs and other insects is being produced, however, I can hear a little song is very soft and quiet atmosphere in the vast night, Green Grasshopper, if you pull the piano and then a loud a little bit, then you are even better than the cicada In northern China, it allows the cicada usurp your reputation! In June, I caught many male and female grasshopper in a metal This insect is very beautiful, covered with verdant side there are two pale white ribbon, tall and beautiful, slim shapely light, such as yarn, two large About food, I met the same trouble feeding I'll give them lettuce leaves, they eat a little, but do not I have to find another food, they are probably to be fresh meat, but what what is it? Morning, I walk in front of the Indus suddenly next to a tree behind what, at the same time there is a shrill squeak, I ran, it was a Grasshopper is pecking the belly of the cicadas in the I understand that the battle occurred in the morning cicadas still rest in the Unfortunately cicada alive bites, suddenly hop, the attackers and the attackers one fell down from the Sometimes I even see the Grasshopper is very brave to jump to hunt for cicada, cicada is in consternation flew Like an eagle in the sky in pursuit of the But this looting living birds than insects poor, it is weaker than it offensive things, and the Grasshopper on the contrary, it is offensive is much greater than their own, sturdy and much more animals, and this body size between the melee, the result is no Grasshopper has a strong jaw and sharp pliers, not captives disembowelling very rare, because cicada no weapon to refute, can only whine Green Grasshopper (3) the food of my cage prisoners to find, I use cicadas to feed Dish to eat with relish, so that the rest of the skull and sternum during the two or three stars, this cage full of cicadas meat was eaten, ripped off the wings and mutilation Stomach to be eaten whole, this is a good site, although not much meat, but it seems to taste especially Because in this location, in the crop, the accumulation of the cicada with its beak to suck from the tender branches to take the syrup sweet Because of this sweets cicadas in the stomach than other parts of the more popular? Very likely it will In order to transform the pattern of the food, I returned to Grasshopper eat the sweet fruit: a few slices of pears, a few grapes, a few pieces of They liked to Englishman loves to eat jam for condiments, bloody steak, green grasshopper fond of Maybe this is the first catch cicadas eat the reasons of the stomach, because both the belly meat, there are Is not anywhere to eat the cicada meat stick sugar, so something else to Scarab insects, it did not hesitate to accept, eat wings, head and claws What all this means katydid like to eat insects, especially insects, is not too hard armor It is very fond of meat, unlike mantis only eat Grasshopper this cicada the butcher in the meat and drink blood after eating the sweet pulp of the fruit, sometimes there is no good, and even eat a little Grasshopper also exists the phenomenon of Indeed, in my cage, I have never seen like a praying mantis killing and sisters, to devour her husband's brutality, but if a Grasshopper was dead, the living will not let the opportunity to taste his body, it like to eat a normal This is not because of lack of food, but because of greed only eat dead Putting that point aside, Grasshopper is very harmonious to each other and co-residence with the never quarrel between them at best to face the food a bit hostile I threw them into a pear, a Grasshopper immediately occupy Who bite a piece of delicious food, out of jealousy, it will kick the other Selfishness is everywhere Full, it will give way to another Grasshopper, then it is very One after another, all Grasshopper product to a After the crop is full, the beak tip scratched the soles of the feet and wiped his face and eyes stained saliva claws, and then his eyes closed or lying on the sand in the digestion of Most of the day to rest, especially in hot