(建筑专业英语文章内容)Architecture, the art of building in which human requirements and construction materials are related so as to furnish practical use as well as an aesthetic solution, thus differing from the pure utility of Engineering As an art, architecture is essentially abstract and nonrepresentational and involves the manipulation of the relationships of spaces, volumes, planes, masses, and Time is also an important factor in architecture, since a building is usually comprehended in a succession of experiences rather than all at In most architecture there is no one vantage point from which the whole structure can be The use of light and shadow, as well as surface decoration, can greatly enhance a The analysis of building types provides an insight into past cultures and Behind each of the greater styles lies not a casual trend nor a vogue, but a period of serious and urgent experimentation directed toward answering the needs of a specific way of Climate, methods of labor, available materials, and economy of means all impose their Each of the greater styles has been aided by the discovery of new construction Once developed, a method survives tenaciously, giving way only when social changes or new building techniques have reduced That evolutionary process is exemplified by the history of modern architecture, which developed from the first uses of structural iron and steel in the mid-19th Until the 20th there were three great developments in architectural construction—the post-and-lintel, or trabeated, system; the arch system, either the cohesive type, employing plastic materials hardening into a homogeneous mass, or the thrust type, in which the loads are received and counterbalanced at definite points; and the modern steel-skeleton In the 20th new forms of building have been devised, with the use of reinforced concrete and the development of geodesic and stressed-skin (light material, reinforced) See also articles under countries, , American architecture; styles, , baroque; periods, , Gothic architecture and art; individual architects, , Andrea Palladio; individual stylistic and structural elements, , tracery, orientation; specific building types, , pagoda, apartment Architecture of the Ancient World In Egyptian architecture, to which belong some of the earliest extant structures to be called architecture (erected by the Egyptians before 3000 BC), the post-and-lintel system was employed exclusively and produced the earliest stone columnar buildings in The architecture of W Asia from the same era employed the same system; however, arched construction was also known and The Chaldaeans and Assyrians, dependent upon clay as their chief material, built vaulted roofs of damp mud bricks that adhered to form a solid After generations of experimentation with buildings of limited variety the Greeks gave to the simple post-and-lintel system the purest, most perfect expression it was to attain (see Parthenon; orders of architecture) Roman architecture, borrowing and combining the columns of Greece and the arches of Asia, produced a wide variety of monumental buildings throughout the Western Their momentous invention of concrete enabled the imperial builders to exploit successfully the vault construction of W Asia and to cover vast unbroken floor spaces with great vaults and domes, as in the rebuilt Pantheon (2d AD; see under pantheon) The Evolution of Styles in the Christian Era The Romans and the early Christians also used the wooden truss for roofing the wide spans of their basilica Neither Greek, Chinese, nor Japanese architecture used the vault system of However, in the Asian division of the Roman Empire, vault development continued; Byzantine architects experimented with new principles and developed the pendentive, used brilliantly in the 6th for the Church of Hagia Sophia in C The Romanesque architecture of the early Middle Ages was notable for strong, simple, massive forms and vaults executed in cut In Lombard Romanesque (11th ) the Byzantine concentration of vault thrusts was improved by the device of ribs and of piers to support The idea of an organic supporting and buttressing skeleton of masonry (see buttress), here appearing in embryo, became the vitalizing aim of the medieval In 13th-century Gothic architecture it emerged in perfected form, as in the Amiens and Chartres The birth of Renaissance architecture (15th ) inaugurated a period of several hundred years in Western architecture during which the multiple and complex buildings of the modern world began to emerge, while at the same time no new and compelling structural conceptions The forms and ornaments of Roman antiquity were resuscitated again and again and were ordered into numberless new combinations, and structure served chiefly as a convenient tool for attaining these The complex, highly decorated baroque style was the chief manifestation of the 17th-century architectural The Georgian style was among architecture's notable 18th-century expressions (see Georgian architecture) The first half of the 19th was given over to the classic revival and the Gothic New World, New Architectures The architects of the later 19th found themselves in a world being reshaped by science, industry, and A new eclecticism arose, such as the architecture based on the École des Beaux-Arts, and what is commonly called Victorian architecture in Britain and the United S The needs of a new society pressed them, while steel, reinforced concrete, and Electricity were among the many new technical means at their After more than a half-century of assimilation and experimentation, modern architecture, often called the International style, produced an astonishing variety of daring and original buildings, often steel substructures sheathed in The Bauhaus was a strong influence on modern As the line between architecture and engineering became a shadow, 20th-century architecture often approached engineering, and modern works of engineering—airplane hangars, for example—often aimed at and achieved an undeniable More recently, postmodern architecture (see postmodernism), which exploits and expands the technical innovations of modernism while often incorporating stylistic elements from other architectural styles or periods, has become an international Forms(翻译文章)建筑,艺术的建设中,人类的需求和建筑材料有关,以提供实际使用以及审美的解决方案,从而不同于纯粹实用的工程建设。作为一门艺术,建筑基本上是抽象的,抽象的,涉及操纵的关系空间,数量,飞机,群众,空隙。时间也是一个重要因素在建筑,因为建设是通常理解中的经验继承,而不是一次。在多数建筑没有一个高度,从整个结构是可以理解的。利用光影,以及表面装饰,可以大大提高结构。 在分析建设类型提供了一个深入了解过去的文化和时代。背后的更大的风格是不是一种偶然,也不是一个流行趋势,但一个时期的严重和紧迫的实验针对回答需要具体的生活方式。气候,方法的劳动力,提供的材料,和经济的手段强加其要求所有。每一个更大的风格一直帮助下发现新的施工方法。一旦制订,顽强生存的方法,让位只有当社会的变化或新的建筑技术,减少它。这是进化过程中所体现的历史,现代建筑,它开发的第一个利用结构钢铁中期19美分。 直到20美分。有三个巨大的发展,建筑施工,后和门楣,或trabeated ,系统;拱系统,无论是一致的类型,采用塑料材料硬化成一个单一的质量,或类型的主旨,其中负载收到并在一定的平衡点;与现代钢骨架系统。在20以上。新形式的建设已制订,使用钢筋混凝土的发展和大地测量,并强调皮肤(轻型材料,钢筋)结构。 又见条款的国家,如美国的建筑;风格,如巴洛克;期间,如哥特式建筑和艺术;个别建筑师,如安德烈帕拉迪奥;个人风格和结构性因素,例如,窗格,方向;具体建设类型,例如,大观园,一栋公寓楼。 建筑的古代世界 在埃及的建筑,其中一些属于最早的现存结构,被称为架构(竖立的埃及人在公元前3000年) ,后与门楣系统被完全和生产最早的石柱状建筑物的历史。该架构的W亚洲来自同一时代雇用同一系统,但拱形建筑也被称为和使用。该Chaldaeans和亚述人,取决于粘土为主要材料,建造拱形屋顶潮湿的泥土砖坚持以形成一个坚实的外壳。 经过几代人的实验与有限的各种建筑物的希腊人给的简单桩门楣系统最纯净,最完美的表达这是实现(见神庙;订单架构) 。古罗马建筑,借款,结合栏希腊和拱门亚洲,产生了各种各样的纪念性建筑在整个西方世界。他们的重大发明的具体启用帝国建设者利用成功的墓穴建造的W亚洲和覆盖广阔的完整楼空间巨大拱顶和穹顶,在重建先贤祠(二维的。广告;见先贤祠) 。 风格的演变中的基督时代 罗马和早期基督教还使用了木桁架的跨度屋面广泛的教堂大厅。无论是希腊,中国,日本建筑,也使用了跳马制度建设。然而,在亚洲司的罗马帝国,跳马发展继续;拜占庭建筑师尝试新的原则和发展了pendentive ,用出色的第6次以上。教会的圣索菲亚君士坦丁堡。 古罗马建筑的早期中世纪值得注意的是强有力的,简单的,大规模的形式和墓穴执行削减石头。在伦巴德罗马(第11次左右。 )拜占庭浓度跳马重点是提高设备的肋骨和码头,以支持他们。这个想法的一个有机的支持和支撑骨架的砖石(见支撑) ,在这里出现的胚胎,成为振兴目标的中世纪建筑。在13世纪的哥特式建筑出现了完善它的形式,如在亚眠和沙特尔大教堂。 文艺复兴时期诞生的架构(第15次左右。 )成立的时期数百年的西方建筑在此期间,多重的和复杂的建筑物现代世界开始出现,同时没有任何新的和令人信服的结构概念出现。饰品的形式和古代罗马人一次又一次复苏和被命令到无数新的组合,结构送达主要作为一种方便的工具实现这些效果。复杂的,高度是巴洛克风格装饰的主要体现17世纪的建筑美学。格鲁吉亚是建筑风格的显着18世纪的表现形式(见格鲁吉亚架构) 。上半年的19美分。给出了经典的哥特复兴和振兴。 新世界,新的体系结构 建筑师后19美分。发现自己的世界正在改变的科学,工业,和速度。一种新的折衷主义出现,如建筑的基础上高等美术学院,以及所谓的维多利亚式建筑在英国和美国。需要一个新的社会压力,同时钢铁,钢筋混凝土,电力中有许多新的技术手段,它们所掌握的。 经过超过半个世纪的同化和实验,现代建筑,通常被称为国际风格,产生了惊人的各种大胆和原始建筑,往往钢子护套在玻璃。包豪斯是一个强有力的影响,现代建筑。随着之间的界线建筑和工程成为一个影子, 20世纪建筑往往接近工程和现代工程的工程飞机机库,例如,通常都瞄准了,取得了一个不可否认的美感。最近,后现代建筑(见后现代主义) ,其中的漏洞,并扩大了技术创新的现代风格,而往往把内容从其他建筑风格或时期,已成为一项国际形式。能够帮到你吗!