关于国际贸易的论文英文

As the economic role of multinational，global corpora-tions expands，the international economic environment will be shaped increasingly not by governments or international institutions，but by the interaction between governments and global corporations， especially in the United States，Europe，and J A significant factor in this shifting world economy is the trend toward regional trading biocs of nations，which has a potentially large effect on the evolution of the world trading Two examples of this trend are the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement （FTA）and Europe 1992，the move by the European Community （EC）to dismantle impediments to the free flow of goods，services，capital，and labor among member states by the end of However， although numerous political and economic factors were operative in launching the move to integrate the EC‘s markets，concern about protectionism within the EC does not appear to have been a major This is in sharp contrast to the FTA，the overwhelming reason for that bilateral initiative was fear of increasing United States None-theless，although markedly different in origin and nature，both regional developments are highly significant in that they will foster integration in the two largest and richest markets of the world，as well as provoke questions about the future direction of the world trading

学习商务英语专业应具备应具备的知识能力要求：熟悉计算机技术并能熟练地使用计算机。具有较强的交际能力和应变能力。具有较好的汉英表达能力、互译能力和初步的科研能力；具有运用英语进行国际商务交际的能力。具有熟练的英语听、说、读、写、译的能力和坚实的英语语言基础，并懂得一门其他外语；掌握西方经济学、国际经济学理论和方法，能用统计等方法进行分析研究；了解主要国家和地区的经济发展及其贸易政策；了解中国的经济政策和法规，并对国际经济学、国际贸易理论发展有动态的研究。了解和掌握美国政治、经济、贸易、法律、历史、科技、文化、市场等方面的比较详细的情况。熟悉我国对美的方针政策和法规，掌握国际经济的基本理论，熟悉有关国际惯例，具有较强的交际能力和应变能力。初步了解主要英语国家的历史和现状，对主要英语国家社会和文化有概括的了解；掌握英语语言和文学理论的基础知识，有一定的阅读和分析鉴赏各种体裁的英语文学原著的能力；（一）译的能力：能英汉互译政治、经济、贸易、文化、教育、科技能方面的一般性文章，译文正确通顺，速度每小时不低于250－300 英文单词，译文忠实达意，语言通顺；能胜任一般场合和小型会议上的连续性口译。（二）写的能力：能熟练地撰写应用文、记叙文、议论文等不同体裁的文章，内容连贯，层次分明，文体规范，文理通顺，语言得体。（三）说的能力：能用英语就日常生活方面的话题进行交流。能就我国大的方针、政策、国内和国际重大问题、经贸、文化、教育、科技等方面与外宾、外商、外国游客进行交谈和讨论。不出现大的语音、语法错误，用词恰当、准确。（四）读的能力：能阅读英文报刊中有关科技方面的文章和英文原著。阅读速度每分钟不低于140个单词，理解准确率不低于75%。全年课内外阅读量为4000印刷页。（五）听的能力：能听懂VOA 和BBC节目中有关政治、经贸、文化、教育、科技、艺术等方面的新闻、现场报道、综合评述以及科技谈判、专家问答等场合中的英语谈话。语速每分钟为140－170词，准确率不低于60%。（六）知识能力1、语音、语调正确，口齿清楚，语流自然。2、语法概念清楚，口头和书面语言运用正确。3、认知词汇10000－12000个，其中较熟练运用5000－6000个。 4、具有扎实的听、说、读、写、译的实践能力。商务英语需要具备广泛的知识，熟悉国际法规贸易惯例，熟练操作计算机，运用互联网进行业务操作，了解贸易流程，还要具有良好的沟通能力。只要认真学习，全面发展，态度仔细认真，必能让英语成为我们国际贸易的良好助力。

Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade As the world economy deteriorates, some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930, for example, triggered a retaliatory global trade During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s, trade Frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions, countervailing duties and other protectionist The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy, hitting sectors like manufacturing and In almost all countries, factories are closing and unemployment is rising, creating political pressure and social More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries, especially those in emerging Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms, ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade, industry standards and industry With the economic crisis worsening, caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008, world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment, a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year, and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries, but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first To counter the Great Depression, the US adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, which raised import duties of over 20,000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other Faced with that crisis, other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in Among the victims, not the least was the US itself, where exports shrank from $2 billion in 1929 to $2 billion in Even in the US, the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great DGlobal trade is now in dire Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis, major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge Germany's exports dropped 6% in November 2008, compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since China also experienced negative export growth in November, and a 5% decline last month, when compared to the prior Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to In the heat of the crisis, it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation, and there is no quick fix to this The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly Healthy international trade can help revive the world During the Great Depression, the US recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as China's economic growth has slowed, exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has Yet even so, China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's In 2008, amid a contraction in global trade, China imported $133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 5% increase over the prior These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading Since the crisis broke out, the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic Given the size and openness of our country, the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment, products and China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today, tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of 贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济对贸易保护主义来说，全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期，随着全球经济形势恶化，一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑，呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时，一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税，引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时，主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后，全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。当前，金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域，各国工厂倒闭剧增，失业率上升，政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预，阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施，它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒，到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等，以及产业保护主义，当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样，隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下，即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用，这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上，各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义，承诺在未来一年内，避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会，再次发出了反对保护主义强音。历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措，不仅会损害对方，最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们，大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。1930年美国为了应对经济危机，颁发了《斯姆特－霍利关税法》，大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税，结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机，各国以邻为壑，全球贸易总额大幅缩减，从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元，美国自身也深受其害，出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻：经济危机导致外需衰退，各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑，甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑6%，为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长，其中09年1月出口下降了5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥，使严峻的形势雪上加霜，造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索，这样的后果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？危机当头，重要的是各国携手共克时艰，而非互相指责，以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果，解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作，保持国际贸易渠道畅通，才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展，是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政，与贸易保护主义决裂，带领美国经济走出低谷，推动了全球经济的增长。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来，经济增速放缓，出口大幅下滑，就业压力加大。即便如此，中国仍坚定认为，贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下，2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品，增长5％，促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来，中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国，中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年，中国将继续扩大进口，积极组织企业采购团，赴海外大规模采购，进口设备、商品和技术。中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略，倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道，以开放迎接挑战，以合作应对危机，共克时艰，推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。