城市规划英文文献

urban planning

专业课不是很难，只要用心看，城市规划原理要认真看的。主要是英语，分不低，每年挂在它上面的不少。城市规划与设计 （专业代码：081303） （200709版） 注："学术报告会"课程要求：硕士研究生在学期间需参加8次以上学术报告会或学术会议，最后提交听学术报告的小结一份（小结不少于5000字）,并注明听报告的时间、地点、报告人。本学科以城市规划、城市设计为基础，研究城市规划和区域发展、城市设计、城市交通规划、风景园林规划与设计等相关的新理论、新方法、新技术，注重理论与实践相结合，积极参与社会实践，承担国家及地方各级重大工程的设计及研究课题。近年来，先后承担和完成了省市级重大工程设计及研究课题多项，取得了一批重要科研成果。学科初步建成一支高学历、高层次、治学严谨、勇于创新的中青年教师队伍。本学科设有建筑模型实验室、多媒体实验室、建筑物理实验室，拥有国内先进的大型仪器设备、大型工作站以及GIS软件系统等多种现代实验研究平台。一、培养目标 本学科注重基础理论的系统学习和工程设计研究创新能力的培养。学位获得者将具有扎实的城市规划专业基础知识，独立研究、解决问题的能力，较强的设计创新能力及良好的综合素质，具有从事城市规划编制、城市设计等工程设计和理论研究等的能力以及优秀的专业外语阅读与写作能力。二、主要研究方向 1、城市规划 2、城市设计与建筑环境艺术 3、风景园林规划与设计 4、城市交通规划 5、风景园林规划与设计 三、学制和学分 全日制硕士研究生学制为二年半；总学分≥32，其中学位课学分≥19。四、课程设置 课程类别 课程代码 课程名称 学分 开课时间 组号 备注 学位课 G090501 自然辩证法概论 0 春，秋 必修 学位课 G090503 科学社会主义理论与实践 0 春，秋 必修 学位课 G140501 英语 0 春，秋 学位课 X010499 专业英语 0 春，秋 学位课 X010532 城市区域规划理论 0 秋 学位课 X010533 城市规划设计 0 春、秋 学位课 X010539 建筑创作 0 春 学位课 X010549 当代城市设计理论 0 秋 学位课 X010550 城市生态与景观规划 0 秋 学位课 X010551 城市道路与交通规划 0 秋 非学位课 F010552 城市建筑开发与策划 0 秋 非学位课 F010554 城市政策与法规 0 春 非学位课 F010556 现代城市规划技术 0 秋 非学位课 F010557 城市发展战略与管理 0 春 非学位课 F010571 城市社会与经济地理 0 秋 非学位课 F100507 建筑文化论 0 秋 非学位课 S010501 学术报告会 0 春秋 非学位课 X010531 人居环境学概论 0 春 非学位课 X010535 城市工程规划 0 春 五、中期考核 硕士研究生在第三学期开学一个月内需进行一次全面考核，检查其课程学习的学分和级点是否满足要求，决定是否可进入学位论文阶段。具体按研究生院有关规定和程序执行。六、开题报告 时间：第三学期中旬。 要求：立论有据，紧密结合城市规划的前沿方向。内容包括：课题意义，对现有研究成果的评价，研究内容可行性，研究工作的具体思路，研究工作阶段安排及具体实施方法。 形式：公开答辩。 文献阅读：不少于30篇。必须包括三分之一的国外文献。 七、学位论文 学位论文必须严格按学校有关规定执行，论文研究工作应在前人工作的基础上有所创新。理论性论文应具有发表价值，工程应用性论文应紧密结合实际工程中的具体问题。论文要有题目、目录、引言(综述)、论文工作重点，解决问题方法，参考丈献，研究结果及结论。 论文答辩按《上海交通大学研究生学位论文答辩及学位申请工作细则》执行。八、发表论文 按《上海交通大学关于研究生在学期间发表学术论文要求的规定》执行。

Urban, city, or town planning is the discipline of land use planning which explores several aspects of the built and social environments of municipalities and Other professions deal in more detail with a smaller scale of development, namely architecture, landscape architecture and urban Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at a less detailed Another key role of urban planning is urban renewal, and re-generation of inner cities by adapting urban planning methods to existing cities suffering from long-term infrastructural [1]Contents [hide]1 History of Planning 2 The Sustainable City 3 Aspects of Planning 1 Aesthetics 2 Safety 3 Slums 4 Reconstruction and Renewal 5 Transport 6 Suburbanization 7 Natural environment 4 Actors in the planning process 5 Books Seminal to Urban Planning 6 References 7 Further reading 8 See also 9 External links[edit] History of PlanningUrban planning as an organised profession has existed for less than a century, however most settlements and cities have displayed various degrees of forethought and conscious design in their layout and As agriculture replaced a nomadic existence, permanent human settlements, and larger settlements began to These early cities became centres for trade, defence, and politics and as centres for distributing the agricultural surplus a settled farming society Cities laid out with forethought and design permeate Perhaps the earliest of these were those of the ancient Mesopotamian and Harrapan civilizations of the third century BCEUr located near the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in modern day Iraq and some ancient cities of the Indus Valley in modern day India are perhaps the earliest examples of deliberately planned and managed cities in The streets of these early cities were often paved and laid out at right angles in a grid There was also with a hierarchy of streets (commercial boulevards to small residential alleyways) In Harrapan settlements, archaeological evidence suggests the houses were laid out to protect from noise, odours, and thieves, and had their own wells, and Ancient cities often had drainage, large granaries, and well-developed urban sanitation[2]The Greek Hippodamus ( 408 BC) is widely considered the father of city planning in the West, for his design of Miletus; Alexander commissioned him to lay out Alexandria, the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the Mediterranean world, where regularity was aided in large part by its level site near a mouth of the NThe ancient Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning, developed for military defence and civil The basic plan is a central plaza with city services, surrounded by a compact rectilinear grid of streets and wrapped in a wall for To reduce travel times, two diagonal streets cross the square grid corner-to-corner, passing through the central A river usually flows through the city, to provide water and transport, and carry away sewage, even in [citation needed] Effectively, many European towns still preserve the essence of these schemes, as in TThe idea of rational planning collapsed with the idea of the res publica in the European Early Middle A Round a fortress or fortified abbey or next to a Roman nucleus — sometimes itself abandoned— urban growth occurred "like the annular rings of a tree"[3] whether in an extended village or the center of a larger Since the new center was often on high, defensible ground, the city plan took on an organic character, following the irregularities of elevation contours like the shapes that result from agricultural The ideal centrally-planned urban space: Sposalizio by Raphael, 1504The ideal city resurfaced in the Early Renaissance in Florence, where the star-shaped city plan was adapted from the new cannon-resistant star The star-shaped fortification had a formative influence on the patterning of Renaissance urban planning: "The Renaissance was hypnotized by one city type which for a century and a half— from Filarete to Scamozzi— was impressed upon utopian schemes: this is the star-shaped city"[4] Radial streets extend outward from a defined center of military, communal or spiritual Only in ideal cities did a centrally-planned structure stand at the heart, as in Raphael's Sposalizio of 1504 (illustration); as built, the unique example of a rationally-planned quattrocento new city center, that of Vigevano, 1493-95, resembles a closed space instead, surrounded by Filarete's ideal city, building on hints in Leone Battista Alberti's De re aedificatoria, was named "Sforzinda" in compliment to his patron; its twelve-pointed shape, circumscribable by a "perfect" Pythagorean figure, the circle, takes no heed of its undulating terrain in Filarete's [5]The true heirs of Greek rational planning were the Muslims, who are thought to have originated the idea of formal zoning (see haram and hima and the more general notion of khalifa, or "stewardship" from which they arise),[citation needed] although modern usage in the West largely dates from the ideas of the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture MMany cities in Central American civilizations also engineered urban planning in their cities including sewage systems and running Mexico-Tenochtitlan, was the capital of the Aztec empire, built on an island in Lake Texcoco in what is now the Federal District in central M At its height, Tenochtitlan was one of the largest cities in the world, with close to 250,000 [citation needed]During the last two centuries in the Western world (Western Europe, North America, Japan and Australasia) planning and architecture can be said to have gone through various stages of general Firstly there was the industrialised city of the 19th century, where control of building was largely held by businesses and the wealthy Around the turn of the 20th century there began to be a movement for providing people, and factory workers in particular, with healthier The concept of garden cities arose and some model towns were built, such as Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City the world's first garden cities, in Hertfordshire, UK However, these were principally small scale in size, typically dealing with only a few thousand [6]It wasn't until the 1920s when modernism began to A modernist city was to be a sort of efficient, workable There were plans for large scale rebuilding of cities, such as Paris in France, though nothing major happened until the devastation caused by the Second World W After this, some modernist buildings and communities were However they were cheaply constructed and became notorious for their social [7]Modernism can be said to have ended in the 1970s when the construction of the cheap, uniform tower blocks ended in many countries, such as Britain and F Since then many have been demolished and in their way more conventional housing has been Rather than making everything uniform and perfect, planning now concentrates on individualism and diversity in society and the This is the post-modernist [8][edit] The Sustainable CitySustainable development has become some sort of a 'buzz-word' in the planning industry, with the recognition that present ways of consumption and living have led to problems like the overuse of natural resources, ecosystem destruction, pollution, growing inequality in cities, the degradation of human living conditions and human-induced climate Planners have, as a result, taken to advocating for the development of sustainable [9]However, the notion of sustainable development can be considered as rather recent and evolving, with many questions surrounding this [10] That said, it is often not difficult to recognise what are 'unsustainable' forms of lifestyles, and urban planning is recognised to play a crucial position in the development of sustainable Stephen Wheeler, in his 1998 article, suggests a definition for sustainable urban development to be as "development that improves the long-term social and ecological health of cities and "[11]He goes on to suggest a framework that might help all to better understand what a 'sustainable' city might look These include compact, efficient land use; less automobile use yet with better access; efficient resource use, less pollution and waste; the restoration of natural systems; good housing and living environments; a healthy social ecology; sustainable economics; community participation and involvement; and preservation of local culture and [12]The difficult challenge facing planners comes with the implementation of sustainability visions, policy and programmes, and in the midst of doing so, the need to modify institutions to achieve these This is still being worked out by urban [edit] Aspects of Planning[edit] AestheticsThis article does not cite any references or Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable (help, get involved!)Any material not supported by sources may be challenged and removed at any This article has been tagged since June Towns and cities have been planned with aesthetics in mind, here in Bath (England), 18th century private sector development was designed to appear In developed countries there has been a backlash against excessive man-made clutter in the environment, such as signposts, signs, and [13] Other issues that generate strong debate amongst urban designers are tensions between peripheral growth, increased housing density and planned new There are also unending debates about the benefits of mixing tenures and land uses, versus the benefits of distinguishing geographic zones where different uses [14]Successful urban planning considers character, of "home" and "sense of place", local identity, respect for natural, artistic and historic heritage, an understanding of the "urban grain" or "townscape," pedestrians and other modes of traffic, utilities and natural hazards, such as flood Some argue that the medieval piazza and arcade are the most widely appreciated elements of successful urban design, as demonstrated by the Italian cities of Siena and Bologna[citation needed]While it is rare that cities are planned from scratch, planners are important in managing the growth of cities, applying tools like zoning to manage the uses of land, and growth management to manage the pace of When examined historically, many of the cities now thought to be most beautiful are the result of dense, long lasting systems of prohibitions and guidance about building sizes, uses and These allowed substantial freedoms, yet enforce styles, safety, and often materials in practical Many conventional planning techniques are being repackaged using the contemporary term, smart There are some cities that have been planned from conception, and while the results often don't turn out quite as planned, evidence of the initial plan often (See List of planned cities)[edit] Safety The medieval walled city of Carcassonne in France is built upon high ground to provide maximum protection from Historically within the Middle East, Europe and the rest of the Old World settlements were located on higher ground (for defense) and close to fresh water sources[citation needed] Cities have often grown onto coastal and flood plains at risk of floods and storm Urban planners must consider these If the dangers can be localised then the affected regions can be made into parkland or Greenbelt, often with the added benefit of open space Extreme weather, flood, or other emergencies can often be greatly mitigated with secure emergency evacuation routes and emergency operations These are relatively inexpensive and unintrusive, and many consider them a reasonable precaution for any urban Many cities will also have planned, built safety features, such as levees, retaining walls, and In recent years, practitioners have also been expected to maximize the accessibility of an area to people with different abilities, practicing the notion of "inclusive design," to anticipate criminal behaviour and consequently to "design-out crime" and to consider "traffic calming" or "pedestrianisation" as ways of making urban life more City planning tries to control criminality with structures designed from theories such as socio-architecture or environmental These theories say that an urban environment can influence individuals' obedience to social The theories often say that psychological pressure develops in more densely developed, unadorned This stress causes some crimes and some use of illegal The antidote is usually more individual space and better, more beautiful design in place of Oscar Newman’s defensible space theory cites the modernist housing projects of the 1960s as an example of environmental determinism, where large blocks of flats are surrounded by shared and disassociated public areas, which are hard for residents to identify As those on lower incomes cannot hire others to maintain public space such as security guards or grounds keepers, and because no individual feels personally responsible, there was a general deterioration of public space leading to a sense of alienation and social disorder SourceJane Jacobs is another notable environmental determinist and is associated with the "eyes on the street" By improving ‘natural surveillance’ of shared land and facilities of nearby residents by literally increasing the number of people who can see it, and increasing the familiarity of residents, as a collective, residents can more easily detect undesirable or criminal The "broken-windows" theory argues that small indicators of neglect, such as broken windows and unkempt lawns, promote a feeling that an area is in a state of Anticipating decay, people likewise fail to maintain their own The theory suggests that abandonment causes crime, rather than crime causing abandonment[citation needed]Some planning methods might help an elite group to control ordinary Haussmann's renovation of Paris created a system of wide boulevards which prevented the construction of barricades in the streets and eased the movement of military In Rome (Italy), the Fascists in the 1930s created ex novo many new suburbs in order to concentrate criminals and poorer classes away from the elegant Robert Moses' developments in New York were intended to limit the effectiveness of public transit; bridges over parkways were built too low to accommodate buses, in order to restrict access to the beach by racial minorities and the Other social theories point out that in Britain and most countries since the 18th century, the transformation of societies from rural agriculture to industry caused a difficult adaptation to urban These theories emphasize that many planning policies ignore personal tensions, forcing individuals to live in a condition of perpetual extraneity to their Many people therefore lack the comfort of feeling "at home" when at Often these theorists seek a reconsideration of commonly used "standards" that rationalize the outcomes of a free (relatively unregulated) [edit] SlumsMain article: Slums The rapid urbanization of the last century has resulted in a signifcant amount of slum habitation in the major cities of the world, particularly in the Third W There is significant demand for planning resources and strategies to address the issues that arise from slum development, and many planning theorists and practitioners are calling for increased attention and resources in this area, particularly the Commonwealth Association of P[15]The issue of slum habitation has often been resolved via a simple policy of clearance, however more creative solutions are beginning to emerge such as Nairobi's "Camp of Fire" program, where established slum-dwellers have promised to build proper houses, schools, and community centers without any government money, in return for land they have been illegally squatting on for 30 The "Camp of Fire" program is one of many similar projects initiated by Slum Dwellers International, which has programs in Africa, Asia, and South A[16][edit] Reconstruction and RenewalMain article: Urban Renewal The overall area plan for the reconstruction of Kabul's Old City area, the proposed Kabul - City of Light DAreas devastated by war or invasion represent a unique challenge to urban planners: the area of development is not one for simple modification, nor is it a "blank slate" Buildings, roads, services and basic infrastructure like power, water and sewerage are often severely compromised and need to be evaluated to determine what, if anything, can be salvaged for re- There is also the problem of population; more often than not, people are also still living in these areas, displaced but not removed, and their issues need to be Historic areas and religious or social centers also need to be preserved and re-integrated into the new city A prime example of this is the capital city of Kabul, Afghanistan, which after decades of civil war and occupation has regions that have literally been reduced to Despite this, the indigenous population continues to live in the area, constructing makeshift homes and shops out of whatever can be Any reconstruction plan proposed, such as Hisham Ashkouri's City of Light Development, needs to be sensitive to the needs of this community and its existing culture, businesses and Urban Reconstruction Development plans must also work with government agencies as well as private interests to develop workable [edit] TransportMain article: Transportation Planning Very densely built-up areas require high capacity urban transit, urban planners must consider these factors in long term Although an important factor, there is a complex relationship between urban densities and car There is a direct, well-researched connection between the density of an urban environment, and the need to travel within it[citation needed] Good quality transport is often followed by Development beyond a certain density can quickly overcrowd transport[citation needed]Good planning attempts to place higher densities of jobs or residents near high-volume For example, some cities permit commerce and multi-story apartment buildings only within one block of train stations and four-lane boulevards, and accept single-family dwellings and parks further away[citation needed]Densities can be measured in several ways[citation needed] A common method, used is the Floor area ratio, using the floor area of buildings divided by the land Ratios below 5 could be considered low density, and plot ratios above five very high Most exurbs are below two, while most city centres are well above Walk-up apartments with basement garages can easily achieve a density of Skyscrapers easily achieve densities of thirty or City authorities may try to encourage lower densities to reduce infrastructure costs, though some observers note that low densities may not accommodate enough population to provi