西方经济学需求分析论文范文

不管什么类型的论文，差不多都有一个 格式和规范，如果内容都准备好了，可以上学术堂 上看看论文的格式 和注意事项差不多就可以了！相信填那些字够了!

范文：　　这一学期我们专业开设了《西方经济学》这门课程。起初我对为什么要开这门课真的一无所知。西方经济学学习心得4篇。以前的学习都是反复的上几门应试的课程，上了大学，学习形式、学习方法、学习内容一下子全变了。虽然当初填志愿时我首选了现在的这个专业，但我对这个专业主要研究什么、主要学习什么、主要将会接触哪些课程、哪些知识都不曾深涉深知，有点懵懵懂懂地闯进了这个专业。所以，开学至今，每一门课程的学习完全是按照学校的安排而进行的，每一门课程也都是从开学的一无所知、不知道学习目的与方向到渐渐了解，知道了一些知识、一些原理，渐渐明白学习这门课的原因和目的，渐渐学到一些学习每门课所需的一些方法和重点。《西方经济学》的学习让我更有感触。　　从第一节课，老师您对我们进行洗脑开始，我们接触、认识了这门课程，我们从您那里了解了该如何去学这门课，为什么学习这门课，学习这门课的目的等一系列开启我们进入这门课学习大门的关键。　　对这门课的学习，您对我们的要求是能利用所学的知识去分析、解释发生在我们周围的一些经济现象，要求我们能利用所学的知识学着做一个理性的人。　　这学期即将结束，经过一学期的学习，我对西方经济学微观部分有了稍稍的了解。能利用微观经济学的某些原理简单地解析一下身边的一些小事。　　微观经济学以单个经济单位作为研究对象，围绕稀缺资源的配置，研究均衡价格的决定和变动、消费者行为的决定和变动、生产者行为的决定和变化、市场结构差异、要素市场的价格决定和变化、一般均衡过程等问题，其中心理论是价格理论。微观经济学通过对以上理论的研究，为市场主体的生产行为和消费行为提供解释和指导。微观经济学在分析方法上，主要采用实证分析方法、规范分析方法、静态分析方法，大量使用均衡分析方法和边际分析方法等。　　微观经济学的研究对象是经济个体，以此再推广到整个市场，如单个的消费者、单个的厂商、单个行业等，它主要以单个数量的分析为主。在微观经济学中，这种分析方法有两个重要的假设条件。一是理性人的假设，即“经济人的假设”，即在经济活动中每个经济个体总是以利己心为动力，企图以最小的代价换取最大的利益；另一个假设条件是完全竞争市场的假设，它要求人们对有关的经济情况能确切的了解，即完全知识或完全信息的假设条件。但这一条件在现实中往往难以实现。　　这学期我们主要学习了需求与供给理论、效用理论、生产理论、成本理论、市场理论等。通过对需求与供给理论以及均衡理论的分析，我知道了为什么校门口的西瓜从每公斤3元渐渐降至每公斤1元。因为起初西瓜刚刚上市，供给量较小，需求量大于供给量，所以价格较高才能达到均衡状态。而随着西瓜上市季节的来临，新的供给商不断涌入这个市场，使供给量增加，供给量大于原先价格下的需求量，所以价格下降，直至供求均衡。因为这个季节西瓜市场能给供给商带来利润，所以可能仍有供给商加入这个市场，一旦供给量大于现有价格下的需求量，那么西瓜的价格将还会有所下降，直至不再有厂商加入或退出这个市场，整个市场上的供给量与需求量相等，那么西瓜的价格就不会再降了。　　通过对效用论的学习，我知道了应该做个理性的经济人，使利益达到最优。利用效用论，我可以解释为什么一个人在手里的钱一定的情况下不会一早上喝三杯最爱喝的可乐，而会去买一份早点一杯可乐。虽然可乐是他的最爱，但只有在他喝第一杯的时候他所获得的效用即满足感最大，当他喝第二杯时，根据效用递减规律，他所获得的效用将会减少，而当他喝第三杯时，他可能会因为喝多了而不想喝了，从而第三杯的效用很小甚至会减少总效用。但他若拿买第二杯、第三杯可乐的钱去买早点的话，由于早点可以填饱肚子，所以一份早点的效用大于他喝第二杯第三杯可乐的效用，所以他会选择买一份早点一杯可乐，而不是买三杯可乐，从而使他的效用获得最大，他的利益也达到了最大。　　除此以外，我们还可利用生产、成本以及市场等理论去分析解释一些市场上的经济现象或经济行为。　　从个人来说，我认为西方经济学的学习最重要的是学习一种思维方式、一种分析方法，培养个人的经济触觉，学会利用知识、理论去分析、解释问题，学会理性的决策。但却不可以一味地抄书、搬书，要在实际中运用、理解、拓展我们的经济思想。

关于加强和改善我国宏观调控的几点思考建立规范完善的宏观调控体系是我国社会主义市场经济体制改革题中应有之意，而且，越是改革日益向纵深拓展，就越需要加强和改善宏观调控。现在，我国已经进入全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化建设的新阶段，在这个新的历史时期，如何进一步加强和改善宏观调控，提高宏观调控的科学性、预见性和有效性，对于促进市场经济体制的建立和完善，推动经济健康持续发展，具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。一、科学界定宏观调控宏观调控是指为实现充分就业、物价稳定、经济持续增长、国际收支平衡而由国家运用一定的宏观经济政策对国民经济所实施的总体管理。为廓清宏观调控的边界，有必要区分以下几点。首先，宏观调控不同于政府管制。无论在政界还是在学界，把宏观调控与政府管制混为一谈的现象并不少见。其实，宏观调控属于宏观经济学范畴，而政府管制属于微观经济学范畴，二者的差别至少有以下几个方面uj：第一，对经济干预的层次不同。宏观调控是国家对总量经济的干预，政府管制则是对个量经济的干预。第二，与市场调节的关系不同。宏观调控的主要任务是为市场对资源进行优化配置创造前提，但它本身不是资源配置的方式，而政府管制是不同于市场调节的另外一种资源配置方式。第三，实施的原因不同。要实行政府管制，是因为存在着市场失灵，影响了资源配置的效率。要实施宏观调控，是因为宏观非均衡是市场经济运行的内在必然，当非均衡发展到一定程度，就会影响宏观经济全局，这时就需要实施宏观调控。第四，产生的历史条件不同。政府管制即使在自然经济占主要地位的社会中也曾存在，在古典经济学家的专著中也可以找出有关政府管制的论述。而宏观调控，只是到了一国或一个地区总需求和总供给的非均衡发展成为影响国民经济发展重大障碍问题之后才出现的，是现代市场经济所特有的。其次，宏观调控不同于整顿和规范市场经济秩序。宏观调控与整顿和规范市场经济秩序都是政府行为，但属于不同的范畴。市场经济秩序是指市场经济中规范交易主体、中介主体和政府监管主体行为的法律法规和道德约束体系。所谓市场经济有序，是指各类市场和各市场主体的约束体系健全，各市场主体行为符合法律规范和契约双方共同达成的准则以及社会道德规范的要求，合法利益与行为得到保护，非法行为受到惩罚和社会谴责，市场配置资源的效率最大可能地实现。整顿和规范市场经济秩序重在构建和完善一种约束体系和体制，而宏观调控重在以经济政策改善经济运行质量。良好的市场经济秩序是实施宏观调控的前提，市场经济秩序良好，有助于宏观调控目标的顺利实现，但仍不能把宏观调控等同于整顿和规范市场经济秩序。最后，宏观调控不同于纵向管理和针对重大经济问题的举措。在现实生活中，有一些部门和领导者对宏观调控与纵向管理、宏观调控与针对重大经济问题的举措存在着模糊认识。如有的部门把对其下属部门的管理冠之以宏观调控，把凡是带有全局性质的管理都称为宏观调控，把一些针对重大经济问题的举措也视为宏观调控，其实，宏观调控和纵向管理有着严格的界限。宏观调控可以理解为一种纵向管理，但不是所有的纵向管理都可以称为宏观调控。同样，宏观调控和针对重大经济问题的举措的区别亦比较明显。宏观调控所涉及到的固然是通货膨胀、失业、经济增长等重大经济问题，但并不是所有的重大经济问题都是宏观调控的对象。二、宏观调控应该与时俱进，保持动态调整宏观调控是一个动态调整过程，不可能是一劳永逸、一成不变的，因为经济始终处于不断的变化中，所以，宏观调控也应该密切关注宏观调控环境的新变化，适时进行调整。现在我国经济已经出现了一些新变化：第一，经济开放度进一步提高。作为WTO的正式成员，我国和世界经济的联系和交融进入了一个新的发展阶段，当前正处于进入WTO后最为关键的“过渡期”，一方面，我国经济开放速度将进一步加快，开放程度将进一步提高，另一方面，我国必须利用时问有限的“过渡期”，提高驾驭宏观经济全局的能力，以适应日益加速的开放步伐。由于时间表的限制，与过去20年的“自主开放”相比，其紧迫性将更为突出，刚性将会更强，将会更加“不由自主”。对于在开放型经济深化过程中出现的这种质的变化．宏观调控应给予足够的重视。根据Mundel1．Fleming模型，经济开放必然会对一国宏观调控政策的有效性产生影响，其财政政策和货币政策的自主性将会受到冲击；在利率降低、汇率稳定的情况下，会引起资本外流，国际收支状况恶化；同时，在资本有限流动、汇率固定的情况下，扩张性财政政策导致总需求增加，相应净进口增加，造成贸易逆差，但随着时间的推移，贸易逆差将导致货币供给下降，直至总需求恢复到初始水平。克鲁格曼的“三元悖论”也表述了同样的道理，他认为，一般而言，货币政策的独立性、汇率的稳定性和资本的完全流动性这三个目标不能同时实现，而只能实现其中的两个。目前，我国选择的是货币政策的独立性和汇率的稳定，而对资本流动进行了管制。这意味着，一旦资本流动得不到完全管制，货币政策的独立性就会大打折扣。而实际情况是，虽然我国资本项目不能自由流动，但巨额的“错误与遗漏”数额的存在表明，资本项目一直在变相地实现着国际间的流动。这说明，货币政策独立性的条件还不充分，也为决策层如何处理好开放经济条件下对内平衡的政策限度提出了挑战。第二，宏观调控的运作环境进一步复杂化。我国的市场经济尚属不成熟的市场经济，在经济快速发展中，一些深层次问题和矛盾更为凸现，使得宏观调控的运作环境相对复杂化，可变性大，主要表现：一是经济的市场化程度不够高。从现实经济可以看到，无论是企业还是个人的行为都不尽合理，还没有成为规范的市场经济主体。从企业的经济行为来看，无论是公有产权，还是私有产权，都存在着不清晰或不甚清晰的问题，还没有按市场经济的要求建立起规范的现代企业制度，生产经营行为短期化，产品缺乏竞争力，资源配置和使用效益不高现象十分突出。就个人经济行为而言，作为劳动力，难以完全按照市场经济原则公平自由流动；作为消费者，尚未完全以货币所有者身份进入市场；作为投资者，尚不具备独立的资格自由从事多种生产经营活动。二是市场机制不健全，市场经济秩序混乱，市场信号扭曲，地方保护主义严重，还没有形成全国统一的大市场。这些扭曲现象得不到纠正，宏观调控措施就很难到位。三是经济运行中一些矛盾进一步突出。首先，在出El下降和进口增加的双重压力下，需求不足和通货紧缩压力仍很突出，需求的内在自主增长机制还没有完全形成。其次，城乡居民就业压力持续增长。“十五”期间，城乡每年新增劳动力人数将升到峰值，加上现有的下岗失业人员，城乡每年劳动力供给量都在2200万人以上，而每年新增就业岗位在800万个左右，缺口很大。最后，经济结构不合理的矛盾日趋突出，存量资产结构重组、增量资产结构高效要求更加迫切，地区结构、产业结构优化任务更加繁重 。这些新变化对宏观调控提出了新的要求，要求调控重点、政策搭配等相应进行调整。

找一个行业来证明是哪一类型的市场?

Summarize the key message of an article called” Land of the Rising Price”:A burst of inflation has happened in Japan in 2008, which makes the price A broker named Christopher Wood points out that it is definitely But others don’t agree with the John Richards, who works in the Royal Bank of Scotland in Tokyo, claims that the recovery in Japan has depended on exports too However, the demand from Asia, America and Europe has slowed this The rising price causes to reduce companies’ profit margins, while customers’ purchasing power also Richard Jerram, who works in Macquarie Capital Securities in Tokyo, suggests that when the value of savings is changed by inflation, households are possible to transfer savings into other assets in order to get higher But M Wood argues that the bad inflation, which makes the various costs increase, is another type of That will cause rapid and deep change in Japan according to the He strongly believes that the rapid and deep change will happen However, that will not One of important reason is that the interest rate can’t be increased by the central bank as quickly as the bank would Another reason is that if money remains cheap, corporate reform is impossible to take So the inflation is not good news for JWhat cause deflation in Japan:Deflation is a process of falling price, which is the opposite of Price levels are highly connected with the relationship between the supply and the To understand and express the definition of deflation simply, there is assumption that we are on an isolated island and there are 10 same goods and ten $00 bills that are able to buy them If everyone wants to get one of them, it is obvious that each good costs $ However, if some people don’t want to get it, the price in each good will decrease because sellers want to sell all of So they have to decrease the price in order to encourage people who don’t want to buy any more buy the This is one of types of deflation, which is caused by decreasing the demand of (InflationD, ND)To express the theory more clearly, let’s see a diagram In this diagram, the horizon axis y represents total product (national income), while the straight axis represents price AD represents aggregate demand curve, while AS represents aggregate supply When the aggregate demand curve drops from AD to AD’, the total product, which depends on the point of intersection between AD curve and AS curve, don’t increase, is still y’ But the price level decreases from P to P’ So this is deflation caused by decreasing the demand of But in the isolated island, if the quantity of money drops to $0, while the number of goods is 10, the price in each good will decreases to $ This is another type of deflation, which is caused by reducing the supply of By the way, the supply of money can also be dropped if someone holds half of money on the island and refuses to spend it on (InflationD, ND)According to the line chart in the article called” Land of the Rising Price”, it is clear that the consumer price fluctuated at very low level during the last ten That means the purchasing power is low, which is a sign of The situation in the last ten years is caused by decreasing the demand of goods or decreasing the supply of Is deflation good for an economy?In fact, whether deflation is good or not depends on the cause of the If deflation is caused by increasing the goods supply, it will be For example, in the late 19th century, with the industrial revolution happening, the productivity of goods was So the supply of goods obviously went Therefore, the price level Decreasing the goods demand or increasing the goods supply has the same If, however, deflation is caused by reducing money supply, it will be The economy contracted because of lack of People may lose their Thus, banks don’t loan money because people have no ability to pay off Therefore, money supply will fall again, while more people may lose their (InflationD, ND)BOJ’s monetary policyMonetary policy is generally classified as an expansionary policy and a contractionary A policy is referred to as contractionary if it decreases the supply of money or increases the interest An expansionary policy raises the supply of money, or drops the interest Obvious from the line chart in the article called” Land of the Rising Price”, the gross interest income dropped quickly from 1994 to In other words, the interest rate in the 12 years decreased That means BOJ’s monetary policy was an expansionary Therefore, the supply of money could be increased using this That would activate the aggregate (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2008)Though the policy was on the correct track, I don’t think BOJ was successful in solving the deflation One of important reason is that the time of reducing interest rate was more than 10 years, which was too That means BOJ did not find a suitable interest rate during the 12 Another important reason is that when a burst of inflation has happened in 2008, the aggregate demand is not activated The inflation relies on Japan imports mostly, rather than increasing domestic So the purpose of the policy has not achieved The third reason is that the interest rate can’t be increased by BOJ as quickly as BOJ would Bad overseas and domestic economic situation prevent from increasing the interest So generally, BOJ was not successful in solving the Interest rate, exports and exchange rateThe interest rate has very strong effect on the exchange As we all know, the interest rate level depends on the relationship between the demand and the supply in foreign exchange Foreign exchange is one type of financial An investor chooses and holds it because it brings capital Actually, the return of currency in each country is measured by the interest rate in each country’s financial If the interest rate of currency in one country rises, the return will also rise, attracting investors to buy the If the interest rate drops, the return will Therefore, the attraction of the currency is BOJ has kept the interest rate low, which is the lowest of any G8 That means the interest rate of Japanese Yen is lower than many other countries, which leads to increasing capital outflows, reducing capital Thus, investors who hold Japanese Yen will sell the currency, which will make the exchange rate Decreasing exchange rate of Japanese Yen always leads to rising Japanese exports and reducing the First, with the depreciation of Japanese Yen, price of domestic goods is lower than price of foreign So the demand of domestic goods will increase, while the demand of foreign goods will It is good for Japanese exports and international Second, with the increase of the demand of domestic goods, the price level will go up, while the employment will rise, increasing the national The behavior of companies and consumersIn deflation period, the price in the market is As a result, the company profits are So a company is trying its best to make the cost of production lower in order to remain One way to achieve the aim is to reduce the nominal Therefore, people spend less money in purchasing so that they will show the sign of belt- Actually, the deflation lasted for more than 10 So when the inflation is happening, the price level is Therefore, companies expected that the increased price level might solve the problem caused by So they have struggled to pay more wages and hire more workers so that the cost is But unfortunately, rising price level don’t solve the Therefore, company profits are decreasing because the cost is increasing in the inflation In fact, in the short run, even though inflation is happening, people are not responding to that because they don’t know the price in future will be higher than current price, at least in the short