循环经济理论的文献

Recycling Economics: Higher Costs Are An IllusionHidden CostsMany people are surprised when they discover their community may pay more for a curbside recycling program than for regular trash They ask why - in some cases - they must pay more to give their recyclables to someone who will sell them? This leads many people to believe that recycling is not One reason recycling appears to be uneconomical is that some people already pay a higher cost for trash disposal than they Some local governments pay fees to hauling companies, transfer stations, or landfills out of local tax That lowers the direct cost to residents and businesses, making the regular trash pickup appear to be less expensive than it really But when recycling programs begin, residents usually directly pay the full cost of This can distort the cost comparisons between the recycling program and disposing of trash at Depletion CostsRecycling also is economical because costs associated with future disposal are One of these avoided costs is for landfill Landfills have limited space, and so can receive a limited amount of When it is full, it must be replaced by another landfill that is generally more expensive to operate and This is due to higher costs of complying with environmental regulations, higher expenses in siting a new location, buying or allocating land, constructing the landfill, operational expenses, and long-term maintenance costs after the landfill is Additionally, the new landfill may be further away than the old landfill, increasing transportation Generally, a new landfill costs more than an older Paying the higher cost at a new landfill is avoided by keeping the older landfill open Recycling and other waste-reducing methods keep the older landfill open Because these avoided costs are not seen when people pay the bills, they do not usually think of the savings recycling Environmental CostsRecycling is economical in several ways related to manufacturing Recycling cuts down on waste produced by processing raw materials into usable For example, recycling aluminum reduces mining wastes, processing wastes, and emissions produced by extracting the aluminum from the Recycling usually requires less refining than raw For example, it takes much less energy to melt down an aluminum can to make another aluminum can than to process the raw materials to make a This cuts down on chances for environmental damage and conserves our natural With any product, the costs of cleaning up wastes and limiting emissions usually are passed on to consumers who purchase the But sometimes damage to the environment is not realized for years, is difficult to attribute to certain industries, or is caused by a combination of many Acid rain is one example of this type of environmental The costs of dealing with this pollution are hard to assess, but are paid for by everyone in efforts to improve the Energy SavingsManufacturing products from recycled material also can save The energy required to produce one aluminum can is equal to the energy embodied in the amount of gasoline it takes to fill the can half While recycling saves energy, that does not always mean that industries save money by using recycled Labor costs for recycled products are often higher than those used in processing virgin Materials recovered from curbside collection, drop-off centers, and material recovery facilities must be separated, cleaned, and Making a product from recycled material may require new or retrofitted equipment and other capital expenditures while virgin material supplies and equipment needed to produce most goods already But since recycling saves energy, it also cuts down on pollution emitted by utilities and the companies When energy is used, the price of the resulting pollution is passed on to all energy consumers in their utility Due to the new clean air law, utility companies must comply with tougher standards in reducing pollutants they release while producing The cost of compliance is usually passed on to each energy If energy use is reduced by methods such as recycling, less pollution is That reduces everyone's cost in terms of paying to reduce pollution and in limiting damage to natural Once the long-term costs and advantages are weighed, recycling does make economic Using resources wisely is always For more information on recycling, contact the Solid Waste Management Program: 800-361-4827 or 573-751- 自己下个词霸 鼠标移过来不就翻译了吗·！

第一章 绪论1第一节 循环经济学的形成与发展1一、循环经济学的产生背景1二、循环经济的概念与特点6三、循环经济学及其基本内容9四、循环经济学与其他相邻学科之间的联系9第二节 农业循环经济的基本概念与研究内容12一、农业循环经济的产生与发展12二、农业循环经济的基本概念14三、循环农业的基本概念14四、农业循环经济研究的基本内容15参考文献15第二章 农业循环经济建设的基础理论支撑17第一节 循环经济系统的功能流理论17一、物质循环理论17二、能量流动理论19三、价值流动理论21四、信息流动理论23第二节 循环经济系统的产业链构建理论25一、产业共生理论25二、产业食物链理论29三、产业生态位理论32第三节 循环经济系统的过程调控理论34一、清洁生产理论34二、面向环境的产品设计理论36参考文献38第三章 农业循环经济的模式与技术39第一节 循环农业模式的基本组成与类型39一、循环农业模式的基本结构与基本特点39二、循环农业模式的分类40第二节 不同类型的循环农业模式41一、区域层面的循环农业模式41二、三次产业层面的循环农业模式43三、大农业层面的循环农业模式47四、单一农业部门产业层面的循环农业模式52五、农户庭院的循环农业模式58第三节 循环农业生产的关键技术体系60一、节能技术60二、节地技术61三、节水技术61四、节肥技术62五、节药技术63六、节种技术64七、节料技术65八、节劳技术66九、基于废弃物无害化处理与资源化利用技术67参考文献76第四章 农业与农村的节能减排技术77第一节 农业与农村的可再生能源开发利用与节能技术77一、太阳能及其在农业上的应用77二、风能及其在农业上的应用82三、地热能及其在农业上的应用84四、生物质能技术及其在农业上的应用88五、沼气能及其在农业上的应用91六、河流水能资源及其在农业上的应用95七、海洋能及其在农业与农村中的应用97八、新能源的综合利用99第二节 农业与农村的减排技术102一、农业面源污染的减排与控制技术102二、农业源温室气体的减排技术105三、农村生活垃圾的减排及其无害化处理技术108参考文献111第五章 农业循环经济系统的过程分析与评价113第一节 物质代谢分析113一、基本概念113二、方法步骤114三、案例分析117第二节 投入产出过程分析119一、基本概念120二、方法步骤120三、案例分析123第三节 能值分析方法125一、基本概念126二、方法步骤129三、案例分析130第四节 生命周期评价132一、基本概念133二、方法步骤133三、案例分析137第五节 环境审计140一、基本概念141二、方法步骤144三、案例分析146参考文献148第六章 农业循环经济发展的效益与水平评价149第一节 费用效益分析149一、基本概念149二、方法步骤151三、案例分析153第二节 区域绿色GDP核算方法156一、基本概念157二、方法步骤161三、案例分析164第三节 农业清洁生产水平评价166一、基本概念167二、方法步骤167三、案例分析170第四节 农业循环经济发展的综合评价指标体系172一、区域循环经济发展的宏观评价指标体系172二、农业循环经济发展水平的综合评价指标体系177参考文献182第七章 农业循环经济发展规划的内容与方法183第一节 农业循环经济发展规划的基本概念与内容183一、农业循环经济发展规划的基本概念183二、农业循环经济发展规划的基本内容184第二节 农业循环经济发展规划编制的基本方法188一、农业循环经济发展规划编制的基本环节188二、农业循环经济发展规划编制的基本步骤190三、农业循环经济发展规划文本编制的基本内容191第三节 农业循环经济发展规划的案例介绍192一、哈尔滨市循环经济发展规划案例192二、北京市大兴区安定镇循环农业示范园规划案例209参考文献213第八章 农业循环经济发展的社会化服务体系215第一节 农业循环经济发展的社会化服务体系基本框架215一、农业社会化服务体系的基本概念与基本内容215二、农业社会化服务体系的基本框架215三、农业社会化服务体系的组织形式216四、我国农业社会化服务体系建设存在的主要问题217五、发达国家农业社会化服务的比较与借鉴218第二节 农业循环经济发展的社会化服务体系建设内容219一、农业生产资料服务体系建设219二、农业科技服务体系建设221三、农业信息服务体系建设223四、农产品销售与市场服务体系226五、农业与农村金融服务体系建设228六、农业保险服务体系229七、农业与农村公共服务体系建设231第三节 农业环保产业的建设与发展235一、环保产业的基本概念235二、农业环保产业的概念236三、发展农业环保产业的意义237四、农业环保产业的基本类型237五、农业环保产业发展的对策措施238参考文献239第九章 农业循环经济建设的标准化认证体系240第一节 循环农业标准化的基本框架240一、农业标准化的基本概念240二、循环农业标准化的基本框架体系241第二节 ISO质量管理系列标准体系242一、ISO9000系列标准体系的基本内容243二、ISO14000系列标准体系的基本内容246第三节 国内外主要的安全食品标准认证体系249一、无公害食品标准认证体系249二、绿色食品标准认证体系250三、有机食品标准认证体系255第四节 其他类型的生产操作规范认证体系259一、GAP认证体系259二、GMP认证体系261三、HACCP认证体系263参考文献265第十章 农业循环经济发展的法律法规体系与管理手段266第一节 生态环境法律法规体系266一、生态环境法的基本概念266二、生态环境法的基本框架体系267三、我国生态环境立法概况267第二节 循环经济法律法规体系271一、德国的循环经济法271二、日本的循环经济法273三、中国的循环经济法274第三节 农业循环经济建设的管理手段278一、现有环境问题的管理手段概述278二、生态补偿手段280三、生态税收手段282四、碳交易市场手段283五、生产者责任延伸制度286六、农产品质量安全溯源制度288参考文献290第十一章 国内外农业循环经济发展的经验与做法291第一节 国外农业循环经济发展的经验与做法291一、国外农业循环经济发展的相关立法情况291二、国外农业循环经济发展的形式与内容293三、发达国家农业循环经济发展的主要做法与经验296四、日本滋贺县爱东町农业循环经济发展案例介绍299第二节 我国农业循环经济的发展状况303一、中国生态农业的发展概况303二、中国安全食品生产的发展概况304三、中国农业循环经济的发展状况307参考文献308……

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