材料类英语文献

1 。导言 吸水环氧树脂系统是一项具有挑战性的问题，由于不可逆转的变化，水运作的聚合物性能。据信，并有足够的实验证据的入口处水诱导： （一）膨胀的制度和建立残余应力及其附近的接口[ 1 ] ， （二）破裂之间的粘接系统和一个由于基板[ 2 ] ， （三）光圈环氧乙烷其余群体[ 3 ] ， （ d ）项修改地方应力状态和建立microcrazes通过环境应力开裂[ 4 ] 。 没有通用的模式，以涵盖所有类型的水分子扩散[ 1 ] 。几个机制水入口已经提出： （一）由菲克扩散的法律通过自由体积的聚合物[ 5 ] ， （ b ）个案二扩散机制的渗透肿胀是有限的聚合物蠕变[ 6 ] ， （三）肿胀诱导有利聚合物溶剂参数， （ d ）项渗透现象由于微孔的存在，渠道和其他缺陷聚合物[ 7 ] 。 这也是常见的文献，水扩散系数在不同的环氧树脂系统大约10月8日至10月10日平方厘米的S - 1 [ 1,2,8 ] ，也可用于橡胶改性成分[ 8 ] 。相似的价值得到了其他玻璃状聚合物系统[ 2 ] 。扩散系数措施最初率吸水率和原则，应该依赖于化学性质的聚合物系统和交联度的交联系统，如环氧树脂的。但是，因为这将显示在这个文件，类似的扩散系数被发现即使不能完全治愈系统。 在努力为设计抗水环氧系统，有必要知道哪些材料参数的真正参与和控制的过程中水分的吸收。在本文中，我们研究了水分的吸收性能的一个新的总部设在环氧树脂配方中使用的硬化剂的反应导数的疏水性聚合物，如聚硅氧烷。这将是表明，当共同的双酚A二缩水甘油醚（ DGEBA ）树脂固化，在场的聚（ 3 - aminopropylmethylsiloxane ） （参与机构调动系统） ，平衡性能大大增强。此外，由于特殊的特点和形态的环氧系统[ 9 ] ，不同的行为，发现postcuring温度。

商务英语初探 冯健东 文献来自: 国际经贸探索 1998年 第05期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 二、商务英语的需求分析需求分析是商务英语的一个显著特点。商务英语教学有明确的目标,而要清晰地界定这些目标,就需要对学习者和目标环境进行需求分析,以便为大纲设计、教材编写、教学评估等环节提供依据。需求分析一般通过问卷 被引用次数: 6 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 试论商务英语学科的发展 林添湖 文献来自: 厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 2001年 第04期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 以及一整套的BEC(商务英语证书 )考试教程等一大批优秀的商务英语教材相继问世 ,满足了广大商务英语学习者的需要 ,保证和推动了近二三十年来商务英语学习热潮经久不衰 ,一浪高过一浪。现在 ,种类繁多的商务英语教材在英美等国家不断涌 被引用次数: 9 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 面向新世纪的商务英语教学 郎可夫 文献来自: 高等教育研究 1999年 第01期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 商务英语教学动态。(2)商务英语教学杂志。(3)商务英语教学国际会议研讨会。(4)商务英语论坛。(5)商务英语教学网上资源。而在我国,普通英语与商务英语两个教学领域缺乏必要的沟通。结果,前者因缺乏后者的力量,导 被引用次数: 10 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 商务英语公函的体裁分析 许菊 文献来自: 西安外国语学院学报 2004年 第01期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 商务英语公函的体裁分析@许菊$中南民族大学外语学院!湖北武汉430074商务英语公函; 商务英语写作[M]北京:高等教育出版社,湖北省教育厅项目《高等职业教育商务英语课程设置和教学改革》系列论文之? 被引用次数: 6 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 商务英语典型礼貌语言机制初探 汤军 文献来自: 外语教学 1998年 第04期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 在商务英语中,恰当使用模糊限制语可以表达礼貌之辞。模糊限制语种类繁多,这里只讨论商务英语中常见的“程序模糊限制语”、“质量模糊限制语”及“模糊限制施事语”(陈林华、李福印,1994:56)。程度模糊限制语指表示话 被引用次数: 14 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 商务英语中某些误译 倪士荣 文献来自: 中国科技翻译 1998年 第03期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 作为对外经济交流的重要手段——商务英语,其作用也就日见重要了。要提高商务英语特别是函电的翻译质量,注意商务英语中语法的准确性是非常重要的。有人认为,翻译商务英语,只要借助词典,用词恰当,即使语法凑合点也可以进行英汉互译。其实,在许多情况下, 被引用次数: 5 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 关于编制商务英语立体教材的探讨 陈坚林,赵学旻 文献来自: 外语电化教学 2003年 第03期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 相信商务英语立体教材的编制必将对商务英语教学质量的提高起到十分重要的作用。口关于编制商务英语立体教材的探讨@陈坚林$上海外国语大学研究生部 被引用次数: 8 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 大学商务英语课程目标及教学原则 阮绩智 文献来自: 外语界 2005年 第03期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 各种名目的“商务英语课”虽有其共同特点,但往往又差别甚大,而且,高校开设的商务英语课程和社会上的商务英语培训课程也有一定的区别。随着国际商贸的不断发展和活动范围的日益扩大,“商务英语”这一概念的内涵也变得越来越丰富。那么, 被引用次数: 7 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 培养复合型人才的有效方式——商务英语专业课程评价 蔡芸 文献来自: 外语与外语教学 2001年 第04期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 原广州外国语学院国际贸易系 (现广东外语外贸大学国际商务管理学院商务英语系 )于 1989年成立 ,在全国率先实施英语 +商务倾向的办学方案 ,一开始就明确规定商务课程用英语教授。经过几年的努力 ,逐步优化了课程 ,办出了特色。 12年来 ,培养的毕业生在就业市场上十分抢手 被引用次数: 19 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 对国际商务英语学科发展的探讨 王兴孙 文献来自: 国际商务研究 1997年 第01期 CAJ下载 PDF下载 为了加强国际商务英语学科的建设,首先要给国际商务英语以正确的定位。 究竟有没有商务英语或国际商务英语 学习原版教材、读物并不能完全代替商务英语教学。商务英语既然是专门用途英语的一种,它就从《国际商务研究》1997年第1期属于英语语言 被引用次数: 7 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 查商务英语 的定义 搜商务英语 的学术趋势 翻译 商务英语 搜索相关数字 商务公寓价格 商务服务业比重 商务市场份额

+Science&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=EYOdzukZQ7&sig=bskKId1Ujx5wNc8wLgAqP7KWILw材料科学 Materials ScienceMaterials science or materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and This science investigates the relationship between the structure of materials and their It includes elements of applied physics and chemistry, as well as chemical, mechanical, civil and electrical With significant media attention to nanoscience and nanotechnology in recent years, materials science has been propelled to the forefront at many It is also an important part of forensic engineering and forensic materials engineering, the study of failed products and HistoryThe material of choice of a given era is often its defining point; the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Steel Age are examples of Materials science is one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science, deriving from the manufacture of Modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy, which itself evolved from A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century, when Willard Gibbs demonstrated that thermodynamic properties relating to atomic structure in various phases are related to the physical properties of a Important elements of modern materials science are a product of the space race: the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica and carbon materials, used in the construction of space vehicles enabling the exploration of Materials science has driven, and been driven by, the development of revolutionary technologies such as plastics, semiconductors, and Before the 1960s (and in some cases decades after), many materials science departments were named metallurgy departments, from a 19th and early 20th century emphasis on The field has since broadened to include every class of materials, including: ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological [edit] Fundamentals of materials scienceIn materials science, rather than haphazardly looking for and discovering materials and exploiting their properties, one instead aims to understand materials fundamentally so that new materials with the desired properties can be The basis of all materials science involves relating the desired properties and relative performance of a material in a certain application to the structure of the atoms and phases in that material through The major determinants of the structure of a material and thus of its properties are its constituent chemical elements and the way in which it has been processed into its final These, taken together and related through the laws of thermodynamics, govern a material’s microstructure, and thus its An old adage in materials science says: "materials are like people; it is the defects that make them interesting" The manufacture of a perfect crystal of a material is currently physically Instead materials scientists manipulate the defects in crystalline materials such as precipitates, grain boundaries (Hall-Petch relationship), interstitial atoms, vacancies or substitutional atoms, to create materials with the desired Not all materials have a regular crystal Polymers display varying degrees of crystallinity, and many are completely non- Glasses, some ceramics, and many natural materials are amorphous, not possessing any long-range order in their atomic The study of polymers combines elements of chemical and statistical thermodynamics to give thermodynamic, as well as mechanical, descriptions of physical In addition to industrial interest, materials science has gradually developed into a field which provides tests for condensed matter or solid state New physics emerge because of the diverse new material properties which need to be [edit] Materials in industryRadical materials advances can drive the creation of new products or even new industries, but stable industries also employ materials scientists to make incremental improvements and troubleshoot issues with currently used Industrial applications of materials science include materials design, cost-benefit tradeoffs in industrial production of materials, processing techniques (casting, rolling, welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin-film deposition, sintering, glassblowing, ), and analytical techniques (characterization techniques such as electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, calorimetry, nuclear microscopy (HEFIB), Rutherford backscattering, neutron diffraction, )Besides material characterisation, the material scientist/engineer also deals with the extraction of materials and their conversion into useful Thus ingot casting, foundry techniques, blast furnace extraction, and electrolytic extraction are all part of the required knowledge of a metallurgist/ Often the presence, absence or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will have a great impact on the final properties of the materials produced, for instance, steels are classified based on 1/10th and 1/100 weight percentages of the carbon and other alloying elements they Thus, the extraction and purification techniques employed in the extraction of iron in the blast furnace will have an impact of the quality of steel that may be The overlap between physics and materials science has led to the offshoot field of materials physics, which is concerned with the physical properties of The approach is generally more macroscopic and applied than in condensed matter See important publications in materials physics for more details on this field of The study of metal alloys is a significant part of materials Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steels) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon For the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is directly related to the amount of carbon present, with increasing carbon levels also leading to lower ductility and The addition of silicon and graphitization will produce cast irons (although some cast irons are made precisely with no graphitization) The addition of chromium, nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels (more than 10%) gives us stainless Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and Copper alloys have been known for a long time (since the Bronze Age), while the alloys of the other three metals have been relatively recently Due to the chemical reactivity of these metals, the electrolytic extraction processes required were only developed relatively The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are also known and valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios and, in the case of magnesium, their ability to provide electromagnetic These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratios are more important than bulk cost, such as in the aerospace industry and certain automotive engineering Other than metals, polymers and ceramics are also an important part of materials Polymers are the raw materials (the resins) used to make what we commonly call Plastics are really the final product, created after one or more polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing, which is then shaped into a final Polymers which have been around, and which are in current widespread use, include polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethanes, and Plastics are generally classified as "commodity", "specialty" and "engineering" PVC (polyvinyl-chloride) is widely used, inexpensive, and annual production quantities are It lends itself to an incredible array of applications, from artificial leather to electrical insulation and cabling, packaging and Its fabrication and processing are simple and well- The versatility of PVC is due to the wide range of plasticisers and other additives that it The term "additives" in polymer science refers to the chemicals and compounds added to the polymer base to modify its material Polycarbonate would be normally considered an engineering plastic (other examples include PEEK, ABS) Engineering plastics are valued for their superior strengths and other special material They are usually not used for disposable applications, unlike commodity Specialty plastics are materials with unique characteristics, such as ultra-high strength, electrical conductivity, electro-fluorescence, high thermal stability, It should be noted here that the dividing line between the various types of plastics is not based on material but rather on their properties and For instance, polyethylene (PE) is a cheap, low Friction polymer commonly used to make disposable shopping bags and trash bags, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas Medium-Density Polyethylene MDPE is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene UHMWPE is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted hip Another application of material science in industry is the making of composite Composite materials are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic An example would be steel-reinforced concrete; another can be seen in the "plastic" casings of television sets, cell-phones and so These plastic casings are usually a composite material made up of a thermoplastic matrix such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in which calcium carbonate chalk, talc, glass fibres or carbon fibres have been added for added strength, bulk, or electro-static These additions may be referred to as reinforcing fibres, or dispersants, depending on their [edit] Classes of materials (by bond types)Materials science encompasses various classes of materials, each of which may constitute a separate Materials are sometimes classified by the type of bonding present between the atoms:Ionic crystals Covalent crystals Metals Intermetallics Semiconductors Polymers Composite materials Vitreous materials [edit] Sub-fields of materials scienceNanotechnology – rigorously, the study of materials where the effects of quantum confinement, the Gibbs-Thomson effect, or any other effect only present at the nanoscale is the defining property of the material; but more commonly, it is the creation and study of materials whose defining structural properties are anywhere from less than a nanometer to one hundred nanometers in scale, such as molecularly engineered Microtechnology - study of materials and processes and their interaction, allowing microfabrication of structures of micrometric dimensions, such as MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) Crystallography – the study of how atoms in a solid fill space, the defects associated with crystal structures such as grain boundaries and dislocations, and the characterization of these structures and their relation to physical Materials Characterization – such as diffraction with x-rays, electrons, or neutrons, and various forms of spectroscopy and chemical analysis such as Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), chromatography, thermal analysis, electron microscope analysis, , in order to understand and define the properties of See also List of surface analysis methods Metallurgy – the study of metals and their alloys, including their extraction, microstructure and Biomaterials – materials that are derived from and/or used with biological Electronic and magnetic materials – materials such as semiconductors used to create integrated circuits, storage media, sensors, and other Tribology – the study of the wear of materials due to friction and other Surface science/Catalysis – interactions and structures between solid-gas solid-liquid or solid-solid Ceramography – the study of the microstructures of high-temperature materials and refractories, including structural ceramics such as RCC, polycrystalline silicon carbide and transformation toughened ceramics Some practitioners often consider rheology a sub-field of materials science, because it can cover any material that However, modern rheology typically deals with non-Newtonian fluid dynamics, so it is often considered a sub-field of continuum See also granular Glass Science – any non-crystalline material including inorganic glasses, vitreous metals and non-oxide Forensic engineering – the study of how products fail, and the vital role of the materials of construction Forensic materials engineering – the study of material failure, and the light it sheds on how engineers specify materials in their product [edit] Topics that form the basis of materials scienceThermodynamics, statistical mechanics, kinetics and physical chemistry, for phase stability, transformations (physical and chemical) and Crystallography and chemical bonding, for understanding how atoms in a material are Mechanics, to understand the mechanical properties of materials and their structural Solid-state physics and quantum mechanics, for the understanding of the electronic, thermal, magnetic, chemical, structural and optical properties of Diffraction and wave mechanics, for the characterization of Chemistry and polymer science, for the understanding of plastics, colloids, ceramics, liquid crystals, solid state chemistry, and Biology, for the integration of materials into biological Continuum mechanics and statistics, for the study of fluid flows and ensemble Mechanics of materials, for the study of the relation between the mechanical behavior of materials and their 材料科学材料是人类可以利用的物质，一般是指固体。而材料科学是研究材料的制备或加工工艺、材料结构与材料性能三者之间的相互关系的科学。涉及的理论包括固体物理学，材料化学，与电子工程结合，则衍生出电子材料，与机械结合则衍生出结构材料，与生物学结合则衍生出生物材料等等。材料科学理论物理冶金学 晶体学 固体物理学 材料化学 材料热力学 材料动力学 材料计算科学[编辑] 材料的分类按化学状态分类 金属材料 无机物非金属材料 陶瓷材料 有机材料 高分子材料 按物理性质分类 高强度材料 耐高温材料 超硬材料 导电材料 绝缘材料 磁性材料 透光材料 半导体材料 按状态分类 单晶材料 多晶质材料 非晶态材料 准晶态材料 按物理效应分类 压电材料 热电材料 铁电材料 光电材料 电光材料 声光材料 磁光材料 激光材料 按用途分类 建筑材料 结构材料 研磨材料 耐火材料 耐酸材料 电工材料 电子材料 光学材料 感光材料 包装材料 按组成分类 单组分材料 复合材料 [编辑] 材料工程技术金属材料成形 机械加工 热加工 陶瓷冶金 粉末冶金 薄膜生长技术 表面处理技术 表面改性技术 表面涂覆技术 热处理 [编辑] 材料的应用结构材料 信息材料 存储材料 半导体材料 宇航材料 建筑材料 能源材料 生物材料 环境材料 储能材料和含能材料 参考%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6

A Short History of the development of nanotechnology纳米发展小史In 1959, the famous physicist, Nobel laureates R Feynman predicted that human beings can use small machines to produce smaller machines, according to the final realization of the wishes of the human order-by-atom, to create products that this is the first on the dream of 1959年，著名物理学家、诺贝尔奖获得者理查德。费曼预言，人类可以用小的机器制作更小的机器，最后实现根据人类意愿逐个排列原子、制造产品，这是关于纳米科技最早的梦想。In 1991, American scientists successfully synthesized carbon nanotubes, and found that it was only with the quality of the volume of steel 1 / 6, the intensity is 10 times that of steel, so called super The nano-materials found signs of human To explore the properties of the material has reached a new In 1999, nanotechnology products to achieve an annual turnover of 50,000,000,000 US dollars1991年，美国科学家成功地合成了碳纳米管，并发现其质量仅为同体积钢的1/6，强度却是钢的10倍，因此称之为超级纤维这一纳米材料的发现标志人类对材料性能的发掘达到了新的高度。1999年，纳米产品的年营业额达到500亿美元What is a nano-materials什么是纳米材料Nanometer (nm) is the length of the unit, a nanometer is 10-9 meters (a billionth of a meter), the macro-material, the nano is a small unit, not as human hair in diameter for the general 7000 -- 8000nm, the diameter of human red blood cells normally 3000-5000nm, the general diameter of the virus are also a few dozen to several hundred nano-size, metal grain size generally Submicron order of magnitude; for microscopic material, such as atoms, molecules, such as before with Egypt to Said an Egyptian equivalent to a hydrogen atom's diameter, a nanometer is 10 Egypt纳米（nm）是长度单位，1纳米是10-9米（十亿分之一米），对宏观物质来说，纳米是一个很小的单位，不如，人的头发丝的直径一般为7000-8000nm，人体红细胞的直径一般为3000-5000nm，一般病毒的直径也在几十至几百纳米大小，金属的晶粒尺寸一般在微米量级；对于微观物质如原子、分子等以前用埃来表示，1埃相当于1个氢原子的直径，1纳米是10埃It is generally believed nanomaterials should include two basic conditions: First, the material characteristics of the 1-100nm in size between the two materials at this time is different from conventional size materials have some special physical and chemical 一般认为纳米材料应该包括两个基本条件：一是材料的特征尺寸在1-100nm之间，二是材料此时具有区别常规尺寸材料的一些特殊物理化学特性。