耐火材料英文文献

+Science&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=EYOdzukZQ7&sig=bskKId1Ujx5wNc8wLgAqP7KWILw材料科学 Materials ScienceMaterials science or materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and This science investigates the relationship between the structure of materials and their It includes elements of applied physics and chemistry, as well as chemical, mechanical, civil and electrical With significant media attention to nanoscience and nanotechnology in recent years, materials science has been propelled to the forefront at many It is also an important part of forensic engineering and forensic materials engineering, the study of failed products and HistoryThe material of choice of a given era is often its defining point; the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Steel Age are examples of Materials science is one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science, deriving from the manufacture of Modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy, which itself evolved from A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century, when Willard Gibbs demonstrated that thermodynamic properties relating to atomic structure in various phases are related to the physical properties of a Important elements of modern materials science are a product of the space race: the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica and carbon materials, used in the construction of space vehicles enabling the exploration of Materials science has driven, and been driven by, the development of revolutionary technologies such as plastics, semiconductors, and Before the 1960s (and in some cases decades after), many materials science departments were named metallurgy departments, from a 19th and early 20th century emphasis on The field has since broadened to include every class of materials, including: ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological [edit] Fundamentals of materials scienceIn materials science, rather than haphazardly looking for and discovering materials and exploiting their properties, one instead aims to understand materials fundamentally so that new materials with the desired properties can be The basis of all materials science involves relating the desired properties and relative performance of a material in a certain application to the structure of the atoms and phases in that material through The major determinants of the structure of a material and thus of its properties are its constituent chemical elements and the way in which it has been processed into its final These, taken together and related through the laws of thermodynamics, govern a material’s microstructure, and thus its An old adage in materials science says: "materials are like people; it is the defects that make them interesting" The manufacture of a perfect crystal of a material is currently physically Instead materials scientists manipulate the defects in crystalline materials such as precipitates, grain boundaries (Hall-Petch relationship), interstitial atoms, vacancies or substitutional atoms, to create materials with the desired Not all materials have a regular crystal Polymers display varying degrees of crystallinity, and many are completely non- Glasses, some ceramics, and many natural materials are amorphous, not possessing any long-range order in their atomic The study of polymers combines elements of chemical and statistical thermodynamics to give thermodynamic, as well as mechanical, descriptions of physical In addition to industrial interest, materials science has gradually developed into a field which provides tests for condensed matter or solid state New physics emerge because of the diverse new material properties which need to be [edit] Materials in industryRadical materials advances can drive the creation of new products or even new industries, but stable industries also employ materials scientists to make incremental improvements and troubleshoot issues with currently used Industrial applications of materials science include materials design, cost-benefit tradeoffs in industrial production of materials, processing techniques (casting, rolling, welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin-film deposition, sintering, glassblowing, ), and analytical techniques (characterization techniques such as electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, calorimetry, nuclear microscopy (HEFIB), Rutherford backscattering, neutron diffraction, )Besides material characterisation, the material scientist/engineer also deals with the extraction of materials and their conversion into useful Thus ingot casting, foundry techniques, blast furnace extraction, and electrolytic extraction are all part of the required knowledge of a metallurgist/ Often the presence, absence or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will have a great impact on the final properties of the materials produced, for instance, steels are classified based on 1/10th and 1/100 weight percentages of the carbon and other alloying elements they Thus, the extraction and purification techniques employed in the extraction of iron in the blast furnace will have an impact of the quality of steel that may be The overlap between physics and materials science has led to the offshoot field of materials physics, which is concerned with the physical properties of The approach is generally more macroscopic and applied than in condensed matter See important publications in materials physics for more details on this field of The study of metal alloys is a significant part of materials Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steels) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon For the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is directly related to the amount of carbon present, with increasing carbon levels also leading to lower ductility and The addition of silicon and graphitization will produce cast irons (although some cast irons are made precisely with no graphitization) The addition of chromium, nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels (more than 10%) gives us stainless Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and Copper alloys have been known for a long time (since the Bronze Age), while the alloys of the other three metals have been relatively recently Due to the chemical reactivity of these metals, the electrolytic extraction processes required were only developed relatively The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are also known and valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios and, in the case of magnesium, their ability to provide electromagnetic These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratios are more important than bulk cost, such as in the aerospace industry and certain automotive engineering Other than metals, polymers and ceramics are also an important part of materials Polymers are the raw materials (the resins) used to make what we commonly call Plastics are really the final product, created after one or more polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing, which is then shaped into a final Polymers which have been around, and which are in current widespread use, include polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethanes, and Plastics are generally classified as "commodity", "specialty" and "engineering" PVC (polyvinyl-chloride) is widely used, inexpensive, and annual production quantities are It lends itself to an incredible array of applications, from artificial leather to electrical insulation and cabling, packaging and Its fabrication and processing are simple and well- The versatility of PVC is due to the wide range of plasticisers and other additives that it The term "additives" in polymer science refers to the chemicals and compounds added to the polymer base to modify its material Polycarbonate would be normally considered an engineering plastic (other examples include PEEK, ABS) Engineering plastics are valued for their superior strengths and other special material They are usually not used for disposable applications, unlike commodity Specialty plastics are materials with unique characteristics, such as ultra-high strength, electrical conductivity, electro-fluorescence, high thermal stability, It should be noted here that the dividing line between the various types of plastics is not based on material but rather on their properties and For instance, polyethylene (PE) is a cheap, low Friction polymer commonly used to make disposable shopping bags and trash bags, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas Medium-Density Polyethylene MDPE is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene UHMWPE is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted hip Another application of material science in industry is the making of composite Composite materials are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic An example would be steel-reinforced concrete; another can be seen in the "plastic" casings of television sets, cell-phones and so These plastic casings are usually a composite material made up of a thermoplastic matrix such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in which calcium carbonate chalk, talc, glass fibres or carbon fibres have been added for added strength, bulk, or electro-static These additions may be referred to as reinforcing fibres, or dispersants, depending on their [edit] Classes of materials (by bond types)Materials science encompasses various classes of materials, each of which may constitute a separate Materials are sometimes classified by the type of bonding present between the atoms:Ionic crystals Covalent crystals Metals Intermetallics Semiconductors Polymers Composite materials Vitreous materials [edit] Sub-fields of materials scienceNanotechnology – rigorously, the study of materials where the effects of quantum confinement, the Gibbs-Thomson effect, or any other effect only present at the nanoscale is the defining property of the material; but more commonly, it is the creation and study of materials whose defining structural properties are anywhere from less than a nanometer to one hundred nanometers in scale, such as molecularly engineered Microtechnology - study of materials and processes and their interaction, allowing microfabrication of structures of micrometric dimensions, such as MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) Crystallography – the study of how atoms in a solid fill space, the defects associated with crystal structures such as grain boundaries and dislocations, and the characterization of these structures and their relation to physical Materials Characterization – such as diffraction with x-rays, electrons, or neutrons, and various forms of spectroscopy and chemical analysis such as Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), chromatography, thermal analysis, electron microscope analysis, , in order to understand and define the properties of See also List of surface analysis methods Metallurgy – the study of metals and their alloys, including their extraction, microstructure and Biomaterials – materials that are derived from and/or used with biological Electronic and magnetic materials – materials such as semiconductors used to create integrated circuits, storage media, sensors, and other Tribology – the study of the wear of materials due to friction and other Surface science/Catalysis – interactions and structures between solid-gas solid-liquid or solid-solid Ceramography – the study of the microstructures of high-temperature materials and refractories, including structural ceramics such as RCC, polycrystalline silicon carbide and transformation toughened ceramics Some practitioners often consider rheology a sub-field of materials science, because it can cover any material that However, modern rheology typically deals with non-Newtonian fluid dynamics, so it is often considered a sub-field of continuum See also granular Glass Science – any non-crystalline material including inorganic glasses, vitreous metals and non-oxide Forensic engineering – the study of how products fail, and the vital role of the materials of construction Forensic materials engineering – the study of material failure, and the light it sheds on how engineers specify materials in their product [edit] Topics that form the basis of materials scienceThermodynamics, statistical mechanics, kinetics and physical chemistry, for phase stability, transformations (physical and chemical) and Crystallography and chemical bonding, for understanding how atoms in a material are Mechanics, to understand the mechanical properties of materials and their structural Solid-state physics and quantum mechanics, for the understanding of the electronic, thermal, magnetic, chemical, structural and optical properties of Diffraction and wave mechanics, for the characterization of Chemistry and polymer science, for the understanding of plastics, colloids, ceramics, liquid crystals, solid state chemistry, and Biology, for the integration of materials into biological Continuum mechanics and statistics, for the study of fluid flows and ensemble Mechanics of materials, for the study of the relation between the mechanical behavior of materials and their 材料科学材料是人类可以利用的物质，一般是指固体。而材料科学是研究材料的制备或加工工艺、材料结构与材料性能三者之间的相互关系的科学。涉及的理论包括固体物理学，材料化学，与电子工程结合，则衍生出电子材料，与机械结合则衍生出结构材料，与生物学结合则衍生出生物材料等等。材料科学理论物理冶金学 晶体学 固体物理学 材料化学 材料热力学 材料动力学 材料计算科学[编辑] 材料的分类按化学状态分类 金属材料 无机物非金属材料 陶瓷材料 有机材料 高分子材料 按物理性质分类 高强度材料 耐高温材料 超硬材料 导电材料 绝缘材料 磁性材料 透光材料 半导体材料 按状态分类 单晶材料 多晶质材料 非晶态材料 准晶态材料 按物理效应分类 压电材料 热电材料 铁电材料 光电材料 电光材料 声光材料 磁光材料 激光材料 按用途分类 建筑材料 结构材料 研磨材料 耐火材料 耐酸材料 电工材料 电子材料 光学材料 感光材料 包装材料 按组成分类 单组分材料 复合材料 [编辑] 材料工程技术金属材料成形 机械加工 热加工 陶瓷冶金 粉末冶金 薄膜生长技术 表面处理技术 表面改性技术 表面涂覆技术 热处理 [编辑] 材料的应用结构材料 信息材料 存储材料 半导体材料 宇航材料 建筑材料 能源材料 生物材料 环境材料 储能材料和含能材料 参考%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6

中钢集团洛阳耐火材料研究院（简称洛耐院）是中国中钢集团公司（简称中钢集团，英文缩写SINOSTEEL）所属的科技企业。中钢集团是国务院国资委管理的中央企业。主要从事冶金矿产资源开发与加工；冶金原料、产品贸易与物流；相关工程技术服务与设备制造，是一家为钢铁工业和钢铁生产企业提供综合配套、系统集成服务的集资源开发、贸易物流、工程科技为一体的大型跨国企业集团。 洛耐院始建于1963年，隶属原冶金工业部，是中国耐火材料专业领域唯一的大型综合性研究机构，也是我国耐火材料行业技术、学术、信息及服务中心。1999年转制为高新技术企业，是国内最具实力的高科技型耐火材料企业。洛耐院占地面积1万m2，总资产3亿多元人民币。洛耐院的经营范围包括了耐火材料产品及检测仪器、加工工具的生产，工程设计，技术服务，国内外贸易，产品质量检测，信息服务等多个业务领域。洛耐院投资建设了以耐火材料国家工程研究中心和国家高技术产业化特种耐火材料示范工程两大园区为主体的生产基地。洛耐院拥有包括高级氧化物、复合材料、冶金功能材料、不定形材料、耐火纤维、检测仪器等9大类共13条生产线，年生产高中档耐火材料5万余吨，产品品种达200多个。产品范围涵盖冶金、有色、石化、陶瓷、建材、电力、环保、机械，医疗等多个行业，经济和社会效益显著。洛耐院被授予国家重点高新技术企业、省优秀高新技术企业和出口重点企业、工商免检企业和省级守合同重信用单位，是AAA信用等级企业。2005年实现经营规模2亿元，出口创汇近2000万美元。洛耐院共有职工570余人。其中，拥有耐火材料及相关专业高级专业技术人员130余人，获得博士、硕士学位的专业技术人员40余人。洛耐院的研发中心是科技部批准的“国家认定企业技术中心”。汇集了新产品开发与技术创新领域的优秀力量，并配备了国内外最先进的设备100余台套。每年投入2000万元的研发基金用于科研开发及新产品试制工作。40多年来，共取得各种科研成果570余项，荣获国家科技进步奖、发明奖和部、省级科技进步奖210余项，授权专利38项。“耐火材料国家工程研究中心”、“国家耐火材料质量监督检验中心”、“国家进出口商品检验检疫局耐火材料认可实验室”、“全国耐火材料标准化技术委员会”、“中国金属学会耐火材料分会”、“耐火材料行业生产力促进中心”等行业机构均设在洛耐院。洛耐院编辑出版全国中文核心期刊《耐火材料》、英文《中国耐火材料》以及《耐火材料信息》等刊物。洛耐院不断提高管理的水平。继2003年通过ISO9001:2000版国际质量体系认证证书，2005年又通过GB/T24001-2004环境管理体系认证与GB/T28001-2001职业健康安全管理体系认证。洛耐院还是国务院学位委员会批准的第一批耐火材料硕士学位授予单位，并与北京科技大学联合设立了博士学位授予点。洛耐院国际交往广泛，与世界上40余个国家、地区的企业、院校在经贸、学术等方面建立了密切合作关系，在行业内享有较高的国际知名度。

耐火材料在炼钢中主要用于炼钢炉衬里，能承受较高的温度，起隔热、保温作用。主要有耐火砖、浇注料、耐火纤维等。主要成份为氧化铝，温度很高时可能添加氧化锆。

《耐材之窗》杂志是中国耐火材料行业协会与中国耐材之窗网共同主办的月刊，被指定为行业协会会员单位首选杂志。杂志及时传递协会精神、提供行业政策、业界动态、发展统计资料等方面的信息，赢得了业内人士的一致肯定与好评。你可以先到百度百科查一下，里面有杂志的相关介绍。

实验大多数的耐火材料被认为是在这次调查中基于magnesia-alumina体系,这是类似的系统的magnesia-chrome就化学和相平衡[8]。Mag-alumina耐火材料在事实被用来作为替代mag-chrome在几个应用[13、14],但是却未曾考虑铜生产炉。耐火材料从这个系统可分为5组:periclase-base添加五谷、corundum-base尖晶石加入尖晶。spinel-base加入镁或氧化铝和“纯”投影。然而,多数投放市场magnesia-alumina耐火材料落入第2组。表我描述一些更有前途的耐火材料本研究在调查程序。我是直接耐火材料mag-chrome保税fused-grain典型的砖,目前正在使用的铜工业[4、6、8]。这被用于耐火材料的定性和定量测试程序,作为一个“控制”防止可能的继任者。M,N,O耐火材料periclase-based尖晶石砖,具有添加颗粒(M),钙进行(N)和硅酸钙(O)键结。high-fired耐火M是","当N、O(烧伤)耐火材料砖;也tar-impregnated啊。所有的四个耐火材料是用于商业生产砖。最初的定性试验验证,使用。GKW设施CSIRO的矿物质。砖被切成1厘米* 1厘米样品棒,约8厘米长。两本文编写了曝光测试。第一次是在一个典型的含铁硅酸盐渣用于更多铜冶炼炉,用标称成分CuOx,30%的二氧化硅0%和馀数FeOx;最初的FeO / FeO5 75的比值。该渣被熔在镁坩埚和被加热到1300°C下CO / CO2彰显样品的气氛,悬浮在砖的加热期间熔化。当熔渣已达到了温度、样品中,有一部分是降低到它那里举行了十分钟了。曝光以后,离心样品提高到顶部的炉管和“熄灭”相同的CO / CO2环境,防止氧化渣毛孔因为它凝固。暴露的耐火材料样品#举个例子:�和抛光进行检查吗用扫描电镜(SEM)在UMR / EDX和cathodoluminescence显微镜下。使用第二种渣是一个巨大的成功high-copper钙铁素体渣类似于更新的转换器设计[1],结果从钙铁素体暴露已经像先前渣[15]。

玻璃耐材的话可以参考建材院的《建材技术报》

你还想要几篇，英文文献一篇平均6页以上，还要翻译？？？？？？？？？？