有关国际贸易的英文文献

What Is International Trade? If you walk into a supermarket and are able to buy South American bananas, Brazilian coffee and a bottle of South African wine, you are experiencing the effects of international International trade allows us to expand our markets for both goods and services that otherwise may not have been available to It is the reason why you can pick between a Japanese, German and American As a result of international trade, the market contains greater competition and therefore more competitive prices, which bring a cheaper product home to the What Is International Trade?International trade is the exchange of goods and services between This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of (For more on this, see the articles What Is The Balance Of Payments? and Understanding The Current Account In The Balance Of P)Increased Efficiency of Trading GloballyGlobal trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources - whether labor, technology or capital - more Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology), some countries may produce the same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other If a country cannot efficiently produce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with another country that This is known as specialization in international Let's take a simple Country A and Country B both produce cotton sweaters and Country A produces 10 sweaters and six bottles of wine a year while Country B produces six sweaters and 10 bottles of wine a Both can produce a total of 16 Country A, however, takes three hours to produce the 10 sweaters and two hours to produce the six bottles of wine (total of five hours) Country B, on the other hand, takes one hour to produce 10 sweaters and three hours to produce six bottles of wine (total of four hours)But these two countries realize that they could produce more by focusing on those products with which they have a comparative Country A then begins to produce only wine and Country B produces only cotton Each country can now create a specialized output of 20 units per year and trade equal proportions of both As such, each country now has access to 20 units of both We can see then that for both countries, the opportunity cost of producing both products is greater than the cost of More specifically, for each country, the opportunity cost of producing 16 units of both sweaters and wine is 20 units of both products (after trading) Specialization reduces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they With the greater supply, the price of each product would decrease, thus giving an advantage to the end consumer as Note that, in the example above, Country B could produce both wine and cotton more efficiently than Country A (less time) This is called an absolute advantage, and Country B may have it because of a higher level of However, according to international trade theory, even if a country has an absolute advantage over another, it can still benefit from (For a review of some of these economic concepts, see the Economics Basics )Other Possible Benefits of Trading GloballyInternational trade not only results in increased efficiency but also allows countries to participate in a global economy, encouraging the opportunity of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is the amount of money that individuals invest into foreign companies and other In theory, economies can therefore grow more efficiently and can more easily become competitive economic For the receiving government, FDI is a means by which foreign currency and expertise can enter the These raise employment levels and, theoretically, lead to a growth in the gross domestic For the investor, FDI offers company expansion and growth, which means higher Free Trade ProtectionismAs with other theories, there are opposing International trade has two contrasting views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and Free trade is the simpler of the two theories: a laissez-faire approach, with no restrictions on The main idea is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that production happens Therefore, nothing needs to be done to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so In contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and These strategies attempt to correct any inefficiency in the international ConclusionAs it opens up the opportunity for specialization and therefore more efficient use of resources, international trade has potential to maximize a country's capacity to produce and acquire Opponents of global free trade have argued, however, that international trade still allows for inefficiencies that leave developing nations What is certain is that the global economy is in a state of continual change and, as it develops, so too must all of its 如果你走进超市，并能买到南美香蕉，巴西咖啡和一瓶南非葡萄酒，您所遇到的影响国际贸易。国际贸易使我们能够扩大我们的市场，商品和服务，否则可能没有提供给我们。这就是为什么您可以挑选之间日语，德语和美国车。由于国际贸易，市场包含更大的竞争，因此更具有竞争力的价格，由此带来更便宜的产品提供给消费者。什么是国际贸易？国际贸易是交流之间的货物和服务的国家。这种类型的贸易引起了世界经济，在这种价格或供应和需求，影响和影响的全球性活动。政治变化，例如，亚洲可能会导致成本增加的劳动力，从而增加了生产成本为美国的耐克公司总部设在马来西亚，然后导致价格上升，你不得不花钱购买在网球鞋在您当地的商场。在减少的劳动力成本，另一方面，将导致您不需要支付较少为您的新鞋。贸易在全球范围和国家为消费者提供的机会接触到商品和服务不提供在自己的国家。几乎每一种产品可以在国际市场：食品，衣服，零件，石油，珠宝，葡萄酒，股票，货币和水。服务也是交易：旅游，金融，咨询和运输。产品销往全球市场的出口，和一种产品，是购买的全球市场是一个进口。进口和出口都是以一国的经常账户的国际收支。 （欲了解更多关于这个，请参阅文章什么是国际收支平衡？和了解目前帐户收支平衡。 ）提高效率，在全球范围内的交易全球贸易允许富裕国家利用它们的资源-无论是劳动，技术或资本-更有效率。由于国家赋予了不同的资产和自然资源（土地，劳动力，资本和技术），一些国家可能产生同样的好，因此更有效地销售更便宜比其他国家。如果一个国家不能有效地产生一个项目，它可以取得该项目的贸易与其他国家可以。这就是所谓的专业化的国际贸易。让我们来一个简单的例子。 A国和乙国毛衣都生产棉花和葡萄酒。 A国生产10毛衣和六瓶葡萄酒，而乙国生产6毛衣和10瓶葡萄酒一年。既可以产生，共有16个单位。 A国，但是，需要3个小时生产10毛衣和两小时内产生的6瓶葡萄酒（共5个小时） 。 B国，另一方面，需要一小时生产10毛衣和三个小时的生产六瓶葡萄酒（共4个小时） 。但是这两个国家认识到，他们可以生产更多的是侧重于这些产品，他们具有相对优势。 A国然后开始只生产葡萄酒和乙国只生产棉花毛衣。每个国家现在可以创建一个专门的产出20个单位，每年的贸易同等比例的两种产品。因此，每个国家现在已进入20个单位的这两种产品。我们可以看到那两个国家的机会成本，生产这两种产品是大于成本的专业。更具体而言，每个国家的机会成本，生产16单位都毛衣和葡萄酒为20单位的两种产品（交易）。专业化降低其机会成本，因此，最大限度地提高其效率获取他们所需要的货物。随着更多的供应，每个产品的价格将下降，从而有利于最终消费者以及。请注意，在上面的例子中，国家B可以同时生产葡萄酒和棉花比国家更有效的（更少的时间）。这就是所谓的绝对优势，乙国可能是因为较高的技术水平。然而，根据国际贸易理论，即使一个国家拥有绝对优势，另外，它仍然可以受益于专业化。（审查其中的一些经济概念，请参阅经济学基础知识教程。 ）其他可能的好处的交易在全球范围内国际贸易的结果，不仅提高了效率，而且也使国家参与全球经济，鼓励的机会，外国直接投资（ FDI ） ，这是的金额，个人投资于外国公司和其他资产。从理论上讲，经济增长因此可以更有效，也更容易成为有竞争力的经济参与者。为接受政府，外国直接投资是一种手段，外汇和专门知识可以进入该国。这些提高就业水平，从理论上讲，导致经济增长在国内生产总值。为投资者，外国直接投资提供了公司扩张和增长，这意味着更高的收入。自由贸易与保护主义至于其他的理论，有反对意见。国际贸易有两种截然不同的看法程度的控制放在贸易：自由贸易和保护主义。自由贸易是简单的两种理论：一种放任自流的方式，没有任何的贸易限制。主要的想法是，供应和需求的因素，在全球范围经营，将确保发生生产效率。因此，没有什么需要做，以保护或促进贸易和市场力量的增长，因为这样做将自动。与此相反，保护主义认为调节国际贸易重要的是要确保市场的正常运作。主张这一理论认为，市场的低效率可能妨碍国际贸易的利益，他们的目的是引导市场相应。保护主义存在于许多不同的形式，但最常见的是关税，补贴和配额。这些战略企图，以纠正任何效率不高在国际市场上。结论因为它开辟了专门的机会，因此更有效地利用资源，国际贸易的潜力最大限度地发挥一个国家的能力，以生产和收购货物。反对者的全球自由贸易的主张，但是，国际贸易仍然允许效率低下离开发展中国家的损害。可以肯定的是，全球经济正处于不断的变化，因为它的发展，也必须在其所有与会者。

高等数学 线性代数 概率论 大学英语 计算机基础 微观经济学 宏观经济学 管理学 会计学 财务管理 市场营销 统计学 财政学 经济法 管理信息系统 国际金融 项目融资 外贸函电 货币银行学 国际贸易理论 国际贸易实务 中国对外贸易概论世界经济概论 国际经济合作 证券投资 商业银行管理 国际结算 国际税收 商务公关与谈判 投资学 外贸运输与保险 国际商法 服务营销 商务礼仪 国际经贸英文文献选读 世界贸易组织概论 科研论文写作 报关与商检 国际市场营销 国际经贸专题 国际市场营销 保险学 电子商务概论 国际投资 我就是国贸专业大三的，上述的都是按学期学的排列，不同学校安排可能有差别，不过大致都一样的。给我分吧，你大概是高考完的孩子吧~！祝你顺利读上好学校好专业！！

我也是参加国际贸易的自考考生，记得课程里面有一个是叫《外刊经贸知识选读》，你可以查看下教材有没有翻译，我还没有考到。希望对你有帮助

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or [1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of Instead of importing the factor of production a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from C Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international ModelsSeveral different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as [edit] Ricardian modelMain article: Ricardian modelThe Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in producing what they produce Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of producing a broad array of Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a [edit] Heckscher-Ohlin modelMain article: Heckscher-Ohlin modelThe Heckscher-Ohlin model was produced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital [edit] Specific factors modelIn this model, labour mobility between industries is possible while capital is immobile between industries in the short- Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of production, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of production specific to that good will profit in real Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of production ( labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital This model is ideal for particular This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade![edit] New Trade TheoryMain article: New Trade TheoryNew Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and productivity levels, and the large amount of multinational production (ie foreign direct investment) which In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to [edit] Gravity modelMain article: Gravity model of tradeThe Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the [edit] Regulation of international tradeTraditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great B In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those industries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and E The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support This has changed somewhat in recent years, In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic This occurred around the world during the Great D Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely due to opposition from the populations of Latin American Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent [edit] Risks in international tradeThe risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups