医学超声英文文献

一般而言，个人身份交的医保一般需要交纳半年或一年时间以上，就可以享受报销待遇；单位统一交纳的医保则是次月就可以住院报销。医疗保险的报销是按比例进行的，在不同级别的医院住院，费用报销比例不一样。一般在70%左右浮动。

左心声学造影现状 中国超声医学杂志 1993年9卷5期, 347~349 赵博文，王新房心肌声学造影的应用 中国医学影像技术 1994年10卷3期198 ~200 赵博文，王新房超声对比剂 国外医学临床放射学分册 1995年18卷4期224~225 赵博文，王新房声振微气泡右心声学造影20例报告 中国超声医学杂志1995年11 卷2期 95~99 赵博文，王新房经食道超声心动图诊断房间隔瘤2例 中国医学影像技术 1995年11卷5期 319~320 赵博文 高敏 范妙英 寿金朵 夏萍经食道超声心动图临床应用49例 浙江医学1995年17卷6期 321~325 赵博文 冼棠超 高敏，范妙英 寿金朵经食道超声心动图在心脏病手术中的应用 中国超声医学杂志 1995年11卷增刊1号23 赵博文 高敏，范妙英 寿金朵经食道超声心动图诊断房间隔瘤 中国超声医学杂志 1995年11卷 增刊1号 104 赵博文 高敏，范妙英 寿金朵左室条束改变155例分析 浙江医学 1996年第18卷3期 149~150 何红 冼棠超 赵博文彩色多谱勒血流显像诊断永存动脉干3例 浙江医学 1996年第 18卷4期 252~253 沈同芳 赵博文 范妙英 寿金朵前上纵隔纤维粘液肉瘤心腔内转移1例 中国超声医学杂志 1996年12卷5期 Page 68 赵博文 范妙英 寿金朵 冼棠超术中经食管超声心动图对二尖瓣位SJude碟瓣的评估 中国超声 医学杂志1997年13卷3期31~33 赵博文 范妙英 寿金朵经食管超声心动图诊断Ebstein畸形 中国医学影像技术 1997年 13卷2期 139~140 赵博文 冼棠超 范妙英 寿金朵术中经食管超声心动图在主动脉深插管监测中的应用 浙江医学 1998年第20卷3期 163 李洪根 赵博文 范妙英 寿金朵 吕江红Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic assessmentof SJude Medical (SJM) mitral Journal of Cardiology 1998 Vol Supplement II, 1998 Page 149 Zhao Bo-wen; Fan Miao-yin, Shou Jin-duo, Fan Xiao-min, Mizushige K, Matsuo HTransesophageal contrast echocardiography improving diagnosis of interatrial shunting in patients with atrial septal aneurysm Journal of Cardiology 1998 Vol 32 Supplement II, 1998 Page 150 Zhao Bo-wen; Fan Miao-yin, Shou Jin-duo, Fan Xiao-min, Mizushige K, Matsuo HAssessment of myocardial viability in patients with chronic coronary artery disease: comparison of myocardial contrast echaocardiography(MCE) and low dose dobutamine stress echocardiography Journal of Cardiology 1998 Vol Supplement II, 1998, 129 Zhao Bo- Mizushige K Watanabe K Takagi Y Ueda T Iwado Y Kondo I Matsuo H心脏手术中经食管超声心动图监测的应用 中国胸心血管外科临床 杂志 1999年第6卷1期, 33~34, 何启才 赵博文 李泽坚 王永清 郦志军 叶伟文Incidence and clinical significance of interatrial shunting in patients with atrial septal aneurysm detected by contrast transesophageal echocardiography Angiology 1999, Vol 50, 745~753, Bo-wen Zhao, Katsufumi Mizushige, Tang-chao Xian, Hirohide M彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断先天性三尖瓣闭锁 中国超声医学杂志 1999年15卷增刊1号, 64, 孙亚萍 赵博文声学造影经食道超声心动图对房间隔膨出瘤心房水平分流的研究 中国超声医学杂志 1999年15卷增刊1号, 65,心肌声学造影与多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图对慢性冠心病行PTCA术患者的心肌功能及血流灌注特点的对照研究 中国超声医学杂志 1999年15卷增刊1号 ,174, 赵博文 水重克文 渡边一史 高木雄一郎 植田 孝 古本 涉 岩藤泰庆 近藤 功 松尾裕英心脏手术中经食管超声心动图监测的应用 中华胸心血管外科杂志2000年第16卷1期, 42, 何启才 赵博文 李泽坚 王永清 郦志军 叶伟文心肌声学造影与多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图对慢性冠心病行PTC术患者的心肌功能及血流灌注特点的对照研究 临床超声医学杂志 2000年2卷 增刊 Page 44 赵博文 杨倩 范晓明 汤富刚 范妙英 吕江红 寿金朵 冼棠超 水重克文 渡边一史 植 田孝 高木雄一郎 松尾裕英彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断先天性三尖瓣闭锁 临床超声医学杂志 2001年15卷 , 64, 孙亚萍 赵博文彩色多普勒超声心动图及心脏声学造影诊断先天性三尖瓣闭锁 中国超声医学杂志 2001年17卷 11期, 874~ 875, 卢一丹 赵博文经心外膜超声心动图在先天性心脏病手术中的应用 中华胸心血管 外科杂志 2001年第17卷6期,345, 何启才何正富 赵博文声学造影经食管超声心动图对房间隔膨出瘤心房水平分流的研究 中华超声影像学杂志 2002年第11卷3期，181~ 182。赵博文 寿金朵 吕江红 范妙英 范晓明 汤富刚 徐海珊 杨倩 冼棠超自制声振微气泡心脏声学造影在先天性心脏病诊断中的应用研究中国超声诊断杂志，2002年第 3卷 第2 期89~91。马新光 赵博文寿金朵 范妙英 吕江红 范晓明 汤富刚 徐海珊 杨 倩 冼棠超术中经食管超声心动图对心脏瓣膜成形术的监测评估研究中国心血管杂志 2002年第 7卷 第 4期 286~287 赵博文 何启才 周大春 王永清 范晓明 汤富刚 范妙英 寿金朵 吕江红 徐海珊床边彩色多普勒超声心动图在急诊及ICU/CCU中的应用价值研究 中华急症医学杂志 2002年 11卷 第3期, 206, 赵博文 鲍德国 潘孔寒 范晓明 汤富刚 范妙英 寿金朵 吕江红 徐海珊 冼棠超术中经食管超声心动图在体外循环主动脉深插管监测中的应用研究 中国超声医学杂志 2002年第18卷第8期, 599~600, 赵博文 吕江红何启才 陈自立 周大春 范妙英 寿金朵 汤富刚 范晓明 徐海珊彩色多普勒超声心动图及心脏声学造影诊断主-肺动脉间隔缺损 中国超声医学杂志 2002年第18卷第9期 赵博文 吕江红 徐海珊 寿金朵 范妙英 汤富刚 范晓明胎儿超声心动图检测胎儿心律失常及其临床意义 中华超声影像学杂志2002年第11卷8期506~507。赵博文 宋伊丽 陈湫波 徐海珊 寿金朵 吕江红 汤富刚 范妙英 范晓明 冼棠超彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断钝性外伤性室间隔缺损1例 中华超声影像学杂志2002年第11卷10 期 615赵博文 范妙英 徐海珊 寿金朵 汤富刚 吕江红 范晓明Evaluation of valvuloplasty using intraoperative transesopghageal echocardiography(TEE) Clinical Medical Journal of C Scientific Sessions Abstracts of The 13th Congress of the International Cardiac Doppler Society(ICDS), Vol 9 Supplement P Zhao Bowen, He Qicai, Zhou Dacun, Wang Yongqing, Fan Xiaomin, Tang Fugang, Fan Miaoying, Shou Jindou, Lu Jianghong, Xu H谐波成像在胎儿超声心动图中的应用研究 中华超声影像学杂志 2002年第11卷11 期 673~ 赵博文 寿金朵 徐海珊 吕江红 范妙英 汤富刚 范晓明胎儿超声心动图检测胎儿三尖瓣反流及其临床意义 中华超声影像 学杂志2002年第11卷11期 694~695 赵博文 宋伊丽 徐海珊 吕江红 寿金朵 汤富刚 范妙英 范晓明彩色多普勒超声诊断移植肾动脉重度狭窄 1例 中国超声医学杂志 2002年第18卷第11期878 徐海珊 冯剑 赵博文术中经食管超声心动图监测冠状动脉旁路移植术同期二尖瓣成形 术1例。中国超声医学杂志 2003年第19卷第1期 64~65 潘美 赵博文 姚向平 王永清彩色多普勒超声对外周血管假性动脉瘤的诊断价值。浙江临床医学2003年第5卷1期 64 吕江红 范晓明 赵博文 汤富刚 范妙英 寿金朵A comparison study of harmonic imaging (HI) and fundamental imaging (FI) in fetal echocardiography。Journal of Zhejiang University(SCIENCE) 2003年4(3): 374~377 Zhao Bo-wen, Tang Fu-gang, Shou Jin-duo, Xu Hai-shan，Lu Jiang-Hong, Fan Miao-yin, Fan Xiao-min, Pan M超声诊断胎儿单心室并永存动脉干1例 中华超声影像学杂志 2003年第12卷 6期 384 潘美 赵博文胎儿超声心动图检测胎儿房性期前收缩的临床研究 中国超声医学杂志 2003年第19卷第7期 赵博文 潘美 宋伊丽 寿金朵 吕江红 徐海珊 汤富刚胎儿超声心动图对胎儿心脏内强回声结构的观察及其临床意义 中华超声影像学杂志 2003年第12卷 8 期 赵博文 潘美 宋伊丽 寿金朵 吕江红 徐海珊 汤富刚 范晓明 范妙英频谱多普勒及 M型超声心动图检测胎儿心律失常的临床应用研究 中国超声医学杂志2003年19卷8期591~594 赵博文 汤富刚 潘美徐海珊 寿金朵 吕江红 范晓明M型及多普勒超声心动图对扩张型心肌病患者Tei Index 的对照研究 临床超声学杂志 2004年 6卷1期 7~11 赵博文 潘 美 寿金朵 徐海珊 吕江红 汤富刚 范晓明 林 莎室间隔缺损并双腔右心室伴感染性心内膜炎多发赘生物1例 中华超声影像学杂志 2004年13卷2期 156 赵博文 潘美Tei 指数综合评估正常胎儿心室功能的定量研究 中华超声影像学杂志 2004年 13卷3期 165~169 赵博文 潘 美 汤富刚 范晓明 寿金朵 吕江红 徐海珊 林 莎Clinical applications of fetal echocardiography in detection of fetal arrhythmia : a retrospective evaluation of 451 fetuses Chinese Medical J ZHAO Bowen 赵博文, ZHANG Songying 张松英 Pan Mei 潘美, XU Haishan 徐海珊, SHOU Jinduo 寿金朵, LU Jianghong 吕江红,TANG Fugang 汤富刚, FAN Miaoying 范妙英, FAN Xiaoming范晓明 and Lin Sha 林莎 2004 Vol 117 3期 474~彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断儿童主动脉缩窄 中国超声医学杂志，2004年20卷3 期 221~222 赵博文 潘 美 罗叶旋 吕江红 寿金朵 徐海珊 林 莎彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断冠状动脉—肺动脉瘘 中国超声医学杂志，2004年20卷 4期 307~309 赵博文 潘 美 汤富刚 寿金朵 吕江红 徐海珊 林 莎胎儿超声心动图的研究进展 国外医学计划生育分册 2004, 23卷2期 潘美, 赵博文胎儿超声心动图检测胎儿心律失常及其临床意义 中华妇产科学杂志，2004年 39卷6期 365~368 赵博文 潘 美 张松英 宋伊丽 徐海珊 寿金朵 吕江红 林 莎 唐海林 《胎儿超声心动图对胎儿心血管畸形及心律失常的检测研究》2002年浙江大学医学院中青年科研启动基金 0万元《胎儿超声心动图对胎儿心血管畸形及心律失常的检测研究》2003年浙江省科学技术厅科技攻关项目，资助经费12万元。《急性冠脉阻塞和再灌注时收缩期及收缩期后室壁改变的动物试验研究》2003年浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院科学基金， 3万元 《临床介入治疗新趋势》。山西高校联合出版社。1995年9月。《实用临床心律失常诊断与治疗》。复旦大学出版社。2003年9月。

原文 Ultrasonic distance meter Document Type and Number:United States Patent 5442592 Abstract:An ultrasonic distance meter cancels out the effects of temperature and humidity variations by including a measuring unit and a reference In each of the units, a repetitive series of pulses is generated, each having a repetition rate directly related to the respective distance between an electroacoustic transmitter and an electroacoustic The pulse trains are provided to respective counters, and the ratio of the counter outputs is utilized to determine the distance being Publication Date:08/15/1995 Primary Examiner:Lobo, Ian J 一、BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to apparatus for the measurement of distance and, more particularly, to such apparatus which transmits ultrasonic waves between two Precision machine tools must be In the past, this has been accomplished utilizing mechanical devices such as calipers, micrometers, and the However, the use of such devices does not readily lend itself to automation It is known that the distance between two points can be determined by measuring the propagation time of a wave travelling between those two One such type of wave is an ultrasonic, or acoustic, When an ultrasonic wave travels between two points, the distance between the two points can be measured by multiplying the transit time of the wave by the wave velocity in the medium separating the two It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide apparatus utilizing ultrasonic waves to accurately measure the distance between two When the medium between the two points whose spacing is being measured is air, the sound velocity is dependent upon the temperature and humidity of the It is therefore a further object of the,present invention to provide apparatus of the type described which is independent of temperature and humidity 二、SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The foregoing and additional objects are attained in accordance with the principles of this invention by providing distance measuring apparatus which includes a reference unit and a measuring The reference and measuring units are the same and each includes an electroacoustic transmitter and an electroacoustic The spacing between the transmitter and the receiver of the reference unit is a fixed reference distance, whereas the spacing between the transmitter and receiver of the measuring unit is the distance to be In each of the units, the transmitter and receiver are coupled by a feedback loop which causes the transmitter to generate an acoustic pulse which is received by the receiver and converted into an electrical pulse which is then fed back to the transmitter, so that a repetitive series of pulses The repetition rate of the pulses is inversely related to the distance between the transmitter and the In each of the units, the pulses are provided to a Since the reference distance is known, the ratio of the counter outputs is utilized to determine the desired distance to be Since both counts are identically influenced by temperature and humidity variations, by taking the ratio of the counts, the resultant measurement becomes insensitive to such 三、BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The foregoing will be more readily apparent upon reading the following description in conjunction with the drawing in which the single FIGURE schematically depicts apparatus constructed in accordance with the principles of this 四、DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring now to the drawing, there is shown a measuring unit 10 and a reference unit 12, both coupled to a utilization means The measuring unit 10 includes an electroacoustic transmitter 16 and an electroacoustic receiver The transmitter 16 includes piezoelectric material 20 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 22 and Likewise, the receiver 18 includes piezoelectric material 26 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 28 and As is known, by applying an electric field across the electrodes 22 and 24, stress is induced in the piezoelectric material If the field varies, such as by the application of an electrical pulse, an acoustic wave 32 is As is further known, when an acoustic wave impinges upon the receiver 18, this induces stress in the piezoelectric material 26 which causes an electrical signal to be generated across the electrodes 28 and Although piezoelectric transducers have been illustrated, other electroacoustic devices may be utilized, such as, for example, electrostatic, electret or electromagnetic As shown, the electrodes 28 and 30 of the receiver 18 are coupled to the input of an amplifier 34, whose output is coupled to the input of a detector The detector 36 is arranged to provide a signal to the pulse former 38 when the output from the amplifier 34 exceeds a predetermined The pulse former 38 then generates a trigger pulse which is provided to the pulse generator In order to enhance the sensitivity of the system, the transducers 16 and 18 are resonantly There is accordingly provided a continuous wave oscillator 42 which provides a continuous oscillating signal at a fixed frequency, preferably the resonant frequency of the transducers 16 and This oscillating signal is provided to the modulator To effectively excite the transmitter 16, it is preferable to provide several cycles of the resonant frequency signal, rather than a single pulse or single Accordingly, the pulse generator 40 is arranged, in response to the application thereto of a trigger pulse, to provide a control pulse to the modulator 44 having a time duration equal the time duration of a predetermined number of cycles of the oscillating signal from the oscillator This control pulse causes the modulator 44 to pass a "burst" of cycles to excite the transmitter When electric power is applied to the described circuitry, there is sufficient noise at the input to the amplifier 34 that its output triggers the pulse generator 40 to cause a burst of oscillating cycles to be provided across the electrodes 22 and 24 of the transmitter The transmitter 16 accordingly generates an acoustic wave 32 which impinges upon the receiver The receiver 18 then generates an electrical pulse which is applied to the input of the amplifier 34, which again causes triggering of the pulse generator This cycle repeats itself so that a repetitive series of trigger pulses results at the output of the pulse former This pulse train is applied to the counter 46, as well as to the pulse generator The transmitter 16 and the receiver 18 are spaced apart by the distance "D" which it is desired to The propagation time "t" for an acoustic wave 32 travelling between the transmitter 16 and the receiver 18 is given by: t=D/V s where V s is the velocity of sound in the air between the transmitter 16 and the receiver The counter 46 measures the repetition rate of the trigger pulses, which is equal to 1/ Therefore, the repetition rate is equal to V s /D The velocity of sound in air is a function of the temperature and humidity of the air, as follows: ##EQU1## where T is the temperature, p is the partial pressure of the water vapor, H is the barometric pressure, Γ w and Γ a are the ratio of constant pressure specific heat to constant volume specific heat for water vapor and dry air, Thus, although the repetition rate of the trigger pulses is measured very accurately by the counter 46, the sound velocity is influenced by temperature and humidity so that the measured distance D cannot be determined In accordance with the principles of this invention, a reference unit 12 is The reference unit 12 is of the same construction as the measuring unit 10 and therefore includes an electroacoustic transmitter 50 which includes piezoelectric material 52 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 54 and 56, and an electroacoustic receiver 58 which includes piezoelectric material 60 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 62 and Again, transducers other than the piezoelectric type can be The transmitter 50 and the receiver 58 are spaced apart a known and fixed reference distance "D R " The electrodes 62 and 64 are coupled to the input of the amplifier 66, whose output is coupled to the input of the detector The output of the detector 68 is coupled to the pulse former 70 which generates trigger The trigger pulses are applied to the pulse generator 72 which controls the modulator 74 to pass bursts from the continuous wave oscillator 76 to the transmitter The trigger pulses from the pulse former 70 are also applied to the counter Preferably, all of the transducers 16, 18, 50 and 58 have the same resonant Therefore, the oscillators 42 and 76 both operate at that frequency and the pulse generators 40 and 72 provide equal width output In usage, the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12 are in close proximity so that the sound velocity in both of the units is the Although the repetition rates of the pulses in the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12 are each temperature and humidity dependent, it can be shown that the distance D to be measured is related to the reference distance D R as follows: i D=D R (1/t R )/(1/t) where t R is the propagation time over the distance D R in the reference unit This relationship is independent of both temperature and Thus, the outputs of the counters 46 and 78 are provided as inputs to the microprocessor 90 in the utilization means The microprocessor 90 is appropriately programmed to provide an output which is proportional to the ratio of the outputs of the counters 46 and 78, which in turn are proportional to the repetition rates of the respective trigger pulse trains of the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit As described, this ratio is independent of temperature and humidity and, since the reference distance D R is known, provides an accurate representation of the distance D The utilization means 14 further includes a display 92 which is coupled to and controlled by the microprocessor 90 so that an operator can readily determine the distance D Experiments have shown that when the distance between the transmitting and receiving transducers is too small, reflections of the acoustic wave at the transducer surfaces has a not insignificant effect which degrades the measurement Accordingly, it is preferred that each transducer pair be separated by at least a certain minimum distance, preferably about four Accordingly, there has been disclosed improved apparatus for the measurement of distance utilizing ultrasonic While an illustrative embodiment of the present invention has been disclosed herein, it is understood that various modifications and adaptations to the disclosed embodiment will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and it is intended that this invention be limited only by the scope of the appended 译文 超声波测距仪 文件类型和数目：美国专利5442592 摘要：提出了一种超声波测距仪来抵消的影响温度和湿度的变化，包括测量单元和参考资料。在每一个单位，重复的一系列脉冲的产生，每有一个重复率，直接关系到各自之间的距离，发射机和接收机。脉冲提供给各自的主机，和比例的反产出是利用确定的距离被衡量的。 出版日期： 1995年8月15日 主审查员：罗保伊恩 一、背景发明 本发明涉及到仪器的测量距离，更特别是，这种仪器传送超声波两点之间。 精密机床必须校准。在过去，这已经完成利用机械设备，如卡钳，微米等。不过，使用这种装置并不容易本身自动化技术。据了解，该两点之间距离才能确定通过测量传播时间的浪潮往返那些两点。这样一个类型的波是一种超声波，或声，海浪。当超声波旅行两点之间，距离两个点之间可以衡量乘以过境的时间波由波速，在中期分开两点。因此，这是一个对象本发明提供仪器利用超声波准确测量两点之间距离。 当中等两个点之间的间距是被衡量的是空气，声速是取决于温度和空气相对湿度。因此，它是进一步对象的，现在的发明，提供仪器的类型所描述的是独立于温度和湿度的变化。 二、综述发明 前述的和额外的对象是达到了根据这些原则的这项发明提供距离测量仪器，其中包括一个参考的单位和测量单位。参考和测量单位是相同的，每个包括一电发射机和接收机一电。间隔发射器和接收器的参考股是一个固定的参考距离，而间距之间的发射机和接收机的测量单位是距离来衡量。在每一个单位，发射机和接收机是再加上由一个反馈环路导致发射机产生的声脉冲是由接收机和转换成一个电脉冲这是然后反馈到发射机，使重复一系列脉冲的结果。重复率脉冲是成反比关系之间的距离发射器和接收器。在每一个单位，脉冲提供一个反。由于参考的距离是众所周知，比例反产出是利用，以确定所期望的距离来衡量。由于这两方面都是相同的影响，温度和湿度的变化，采取的比例罪状，由此产生的测量变得麻木等变化。 三、简要说明图纸 前述将更加明显后，读下列的说明，在与该绘图并在其中单一数字schematically描绘仪器兴建根据这些原则的这项发明。 四、详细说明 谈到现在的绘图，有结果表明，测量单位和10个参考单位12个，均加上一个利用的手段14 。测量单位包括1 10电发射机16日和1电接收机18 。变送器16包括压电材料20夹心阶层之间的对电极的22日和24日。同样，接收机18个，包括压电材料26夹心阶层之间的对电极的28日和30日。作为众所周知，采用电场整个电极22日和24日，强调的是，诱导，在压电材料20 。如果该字段各有不同，如所申请的一个电脉冲，声波是32所产生的。为进一步众所周知，当声波影响到接收器18 ，这诱导应力，在压电材料26 ，导致一种电信号，以产生全国电极28日和30日。虽然压电传感器已说明，其他电声装置，可利用，例如，静电，驻极体或电磁类型。 如表所示，电极28日和30日的接收18岁以下的耦合的投入一34放大器，其输出耦合输入一个探测器36 。探测器36是安排提供一个信号，脉冲前38时，输出放大器34已经超过预定的水平。脉冲前38 ，然后产生一个触发脉冲，这是提供给脉冲发生器40 。在为了提高灵敏度，该系统，传感器16和18岁以下的共振兴奋。有相应的提供了一个连续波振荡器42提供了一个连续振荡信号在一个固定的频率，最好是共振频率的传感器16和18 。这个振荡信号是提供给调制器44 。要有效地激发发射机16 ，可取的做法是提供几个周期的共振频率信号，而不是一个单脉冲或单周期。因此，脉冲发生器40是安排，在回应的应用存在的一个触发脉冲，提供一个控制脉冲调制器44有一个时间的平等的时间，时间预定人数的周期振荡信号从振荡器42 。这个控制脉冲调制器的原因， 44个通过了“水管爆裂”的周期，以激发发射机16 。 当电力是适用于所描述的电路，有足够的噪音在输入到放大器34 ，其输出触发脉冲发生器40至造成了一片叫好声，振荡周期，以提供整个电极22日和24日的发射器16 。变送器16因此产生声波32条，其中影响到接收器18 。接收器18 ，然后产生一个电脉冲，这是适用于输入放大器的34 ，这再次触发原因的脉冲发生器40 。这个周期重演，使重复一系列的触发脉冲结果的输出脉冲前38 。这脉冲列车是应用到46个柜位，以及向脉冲发生器40 。 变送器16日和接收18岁以下的间隔，除了由距离的“ D ” ，它是理想的衡量。传播时间的“ T ”为一声波32往来变送器16日和接收18所给予的： = D的吨/视频s 凡v s是声速在空气中之间的发射机16日和接收18 。柜台46措施重复率触发脉冲，这是平等的1 /汤匙因此，重复率是平等的一至中五的S /四该声速空气中是一个功能的温度和湿度的空气，内容如下： ＃ ＃ ＃ ＃ equ1其中T是温度， P是局部的压力，水汽， H是该气压， γ瓦特和γ一顷的比例不断的压力，具体的热不断货量具体的热水汽和干燥的空气，分别。因此，虽然重复率触发脉冲测量非常准确地反46 ，声速的影响，温度和湿度，使测量的距离d无法确定准确。 根据这些原则的这项发明，参考单位提供的是12 。参考单位12是相同的建设为测量单位的10个，因此，包括一电发射机50个，其中包括压电材料52夹心之间的一对电极的54和56 ，和一电接收机58 ，其中包括压电材料60夹心阶层之间的一对电极60,61,62和64 。再次，传感器以外的其他类型压电可以利用。变送器50和接收五十八顷间隔，除了已知的和固定的参考距离“博士” 。电极60,61,62和64耦合到输入的放大器66 ，其输出是耦合的投入探测器68 。输出探测器68是耦合的脉搏，前70产生触发脉冲。触发脉冲应用到脉冲发生器的72个控制调制器74通过扫射从连续波振荡器76至变送器50 。触发脉冲从脉冲前70也适用于反78 。 最好是，所有的传感器16 ， 18 ， 50和58具有相同的共振频率。因此，振荡器42和76都在运作，频率和脉冲发电机40和第72条提供平等的输出脉冲宽度。 在用法上，测量装置10和参考资料股一十二顷在接近，使该声速在这两个单位是相同的。虽然留级率的脉冲在测量单位， 10和参考资料股十二顷每个温度和湿度的依赖性，能证明的距离D来衡量。 其中T R是传播时间超过距离博士在参考股12 。这种关系是独立于双方的温度和湿度。 因此，产出的柜台46和78所提供的投入微处理器的90个利用的手段14 。微处理器90是适当的程序提供了一个输出是成正比的比例，产出的柜台46和78 ，这反过来又是成正比的重复率分别触发脉冲列车的测量单位， 10和参考资料股12 。作为描述，这个比例是独立的温度和湿度，由于参考的距离，博士，是众所周知的，提供了一个准确的代表性距离四，利用手段， 14日还包括一个显示92这是耦合和控制的微处理器，使90一个经营者可以随时确定的距离四 实验表明，当之间的距离发射和接收传感器是太小了，思考的声波在传感器的表面有一个不小的作用，降低了测量精度。因此，最好是每换一双分开，至少由某一个最小距离，最好是约四英寸。 因此，已披露的改善仪器的测量距离，利用超声波。而一个说明性的体现，本发明已披露者外，据了解，各种修改和适应所披露的体现，将是显而易见的那些普通的技巧与艺术，这是打算把这个发明只限于由范围所附的索赔。

'08 Paris[ Lay Language Paper Index | Press Room ] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Accurate measurement of distance and velocity using ultrasonic wavesShinnosuke Hirata - jp Department of Information Processing Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology G2-32, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan Minoru Kuribayashi Kurosawa (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan) Takashi Katagiri (Sutekina I, Japan) Popular version of paper 1pSPb6 Presented Monday Afternoon, June 30, 2008 Acoustics '08 Paris, Palais des Congrès, Paris, FranceBats use echolocation for environment That is, they use reflected sound waves to measure the distance, the velocity, and the scale of insects or Echolocation includes broadcasting ultrasonic waves and then perceiving echoes reflected from the surface of the T echnological application of echolocation using ultrasonic sensors has been studied and used for environment recognition in autonomous mobile robots, because of two advantages: the advantage of ultrasonic waves which can easily reflect from structures, and the advantage of ultrasonic sensors which are cheap, small, and The method of distance measurement using ultrasonic waves is based on the pulse-echo method, which determines the distance of an object by measurement of time-of-flight (TOF), as illustrated in Figure The TOF is the interval from transmission of an ultrasonic pulse to reception of an echo re flected from the The distance is calculated from the product of the TOF and the acoustic Fig 1: Distance measurement by the pulse-echo The method of velocity measurement using ultrasonic waves is based on the pulse-Doppler When the object is moving, due to the Doppler effect introduced by the motion of the object, the reflected echo is Doppler- The frequency of Doppler-shifted echo is increased or decreased in proportion to the velocity of the Therefore, the pulse-Doppler method determines the velocity of the object by measurement of increase or decrease in the frequency, as illustrated in Figure 2 Fig 2: Velocity measurement by the pulse-Doppler Furthermore, the TOF of the Doppler-shifted echo in Figure 2 is different from the TOF of the echo in Figure The TOF is also Doppler-shifted in proportion to the velocity of the Velocity measurement with high resolution and calibration of the Doppler-shifted TOF is required to measure an accurate distance to the However, frequency analysis by the Fourier transform cannot measure the velocity with high resolution ( velocity resolution: 85 m/s at the window of the Fourier transform : 10 ms) In the proposed method of distance and velocity measurement, two LPM (Linear-period modulated) ultrasonic waves are continuously The period of the LPM signal linearly increases with time as illustrated in Figure 3 The received signal, which includes the reflected echo, is correlated with the LPM signal, which is a cross-correlation operation, as illustrated in Figure 4 Cross-correlation operation is the method for effective improvement of the resolution of the TOF The cross-correlation function of the reflected echo, two continuous LPM signals, and the LPM signal has two The first peak of the cross-correlation function shows the Doppler-shifted TOF, and the interval of the first peak and the second peak shows the length of the LPM signal The length is also Doppler-shifted in proportion to the velocity of the Therefore, the velocity can be calculated from the Doppler-shifted The proposed method can measure the distance and the velocity of the object with high resolution because of high sampling frequency of signal processing (, velocity resolution: 005 m/s at sampling frequency: 5 MHz) Fig 3: The linear-period modulated Fig 4: Design of the proposed method of distance and velocity measurement by transmitting two continuous LPM The measured velocities and their errors, which are examined by computer simulation, are illustrated in Figure The velocity of the object can be measured with high resolution by the proposed By calibrating the Doppler-shifted TOF with the measured velocity , the distance of the moving object can be accurately measured Fig 5: The velocities and their errors measured by the proposed