中国文化的过去和未来论文摘要结构

这些东西都可以再网上查到！关于长城的传说 In the north of China, there lies a 6,700-kilometer-long (4,161-mile-long) ancient Now well-known as the Great Wall of China, it starts at the Jiayuguan Pass of Gansu Province in the west and ends at the Shanhaiguan Pass of Hebei Province in the As one of the Eight Wonders in the world, the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese nation and its Lots of beautiful legends and stories about the Great Wall took place following along the construction, and since that time these stories have spread around the Those that happened during construction are abundant, such as Meng Jiangnu's story and the legend of the Jiayuguan P Meng Jiangnu's story is the most famous and widely spread of all the legends about the Great W The story happened during the Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC) It tells of how Meng Jiangnu's bitter weeping made a section of the Great Wall Meng Jiangnu's husband Fan Qiliang was caught by federal officials and sent to build the Great W Meng Jiangnu heard nothing from him after his departure, so she set out to look for Unfortunately, by the time she reached the great wall, she discovered that her husband had already Hearing the bad news, she cried her heart Her howl caused the collapse of a part of the Great W This story indicates that the Great Wall is the production of tens of thousands of Chinese Another legend about the Jiayuguan Pass tells of a workman named Yi Kaizhan in the Ming Dynasty (1368BC-1644BC) who was proficient in He calculated that it would need 99,999 bricks to build the Jiayuguan P The supervisor did not believe him and said if they miscalculated by even one brick, then all the workmen would be punished to do hard work for three After the completion of the project, one brick was left behind the Xiwong city The supervisor was happy at the sight of the brick and ready to punish However Yi Kaizhan said with deliberation that the brick was put there by a supernatural being to fix the A tiny move would cause the collapse of the Therefore the brick was kept there and never It can still be found there today on the tower of the Jiayuguan P In addition to the above-mentioned stories about the construction of the Great Wall, there are also plenty of stories about current scenic A famous one is the legend of the Beacon T This story happened during the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC-711 BC) King You had a queen named Bao Si, who was very King You liked her very much, however Bao Si never An official gave a suggestion that setting the beacon tower on fire would frighten the King's subjects, and might make the queen King You liked the The subjects were fooled and Bao Si smiled at the sight of the Later enemies invaded Western Zhou, King You set the beacon tower on fire to ask for No subjects came to help because they had been fooled once Thus, King Zhou was killed by the enemy and Western Zhou came to an Beautiful stories and legends about the Great Wall help to keep alive Chinese history and In each dynasty after the building of the Great Wall, many more stories were created and 历史 No one can tell precisely when the building of the Great Wall was started but it is popularly believed that it originated as a military fortification against intrusion by tribes on the borders during the earlier Zhou D Late in the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 BC), the ducal states extended the defence work and built "great" structures to prevent the attacks from other It was not until the Qin Dynasty that the separate walls, constructed by the states of Qin, Yan and Zhao kingdoms, were connected to form a defensive system on the northern border of the country by Emperor Qin Shi Huang (also called Qin Shi Huangdi by westerners or the First Emperor) After the emperor unified the country in 214 BC, he ordered the construction of the It took about ten years to finish and the wall stretched from Linzhao (in the eastern part of today's Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong (in today's Jilin Province) in the The wall not only served as a defence in the north but also symbolized the power of the From the Qin Dynasty onwards, Xiongnu, an ancient tribe that lived in North China, frequently harassed the northern border of the During the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu (Han Wu Di), sent three expeditions to fight against the Xiongnu in 127 BC, 121 BC and 119 BC The Xiongnu were driven into the far north of the G To maintain the safety of the Hexi Corridor (today's Gansu Province), the emperor ordered the extension of the Great Wall westward into the Hexi Corridor and Xinjiang The ruins of the beacon towers and debris of the Han Wall are still discernible in Dunhuang, Yumen and Y A recent report shows that ruins of the Han Wall have been discovered near Lopnur in China's Xinjiang Further construction and extensions were made in the successive Northern Wei, Northern Qi and Sui The present Great Wall in Beijing is mainly remains from the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) During this period, bricks and granite were used when the workers laid the foundation of the wall and sophisticated designs and passes were built in the places of strategic To strengthen the military control of the northern frontiers, the Ming authorities divided the Great Wall into nine zones and placed each under the control of a Zhen (garrison headquarters) The Ming Wall starts from Yalujiang River (in today's Heilongjiang Province), via today's Liaoning, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia provinces, to G The total length reaches 12,700 li (over 5,000 kilometers) The Shanhaiguan Pass and the Jiayuguan Pass are two well-preserved passes at either Today, the Wall has become a must-see for every visitor to C Few can help saying 'Wow!' when they stand on top of a beacon tower and look at this giant For centuries, the wall served succeeding dynasties as an efficient military However, it was only when a dynasty had weakened from within that invaders from the north were able to advance and Both the Mongols (Yuan Dynasty, 1271-1368) and the Manchurians (Qing Dynasty, 1644-1911) were able take power because of weakness of the government and poverty of the people but never due to any possibility of weakness of the W或者The Great Wall was first built in the Spring and Autumn Period and it have a history over 000 The Great Wall, that is called “the ten-thousand-li Great Wall”, is actually more than 6000 kilometers long, 6-7 meters high and 4-5 meters Every a few hundred meters along the Great Wall there are We Chinese are proud of in the Great wall because it is one of the wonders in the world and it stands for C Today the Great Wall becomes a famous place of interest in the Every year, hundreds of thousands of people, not only from China from also all over the world, come to visit

在研究论文中，对“论文摘要”和“论文简介”的含混不清现象，只要浏览者稍加注意就可发现，不论在自然科学抑或是社会科学各门学科中都普遍存在。作为“论文摘要”——我想这无需引经据典解释大家都懂　　——“摘其要点而发”之意。但是，很多期刊杂志对此并没有严格要求，从而使得“论文摘要”往往成了“论文简介”，即，不是提炼语言以准确反映文章的内容，而是用概括、综述性语言甚至站在旁观者的立场作评价性介绍(我将一些学者包括有些名家输入百度搜索，情况表明，我们的学者写得了论文但做不好论文摘要者占相当大的比例)。信手拈来，如，北京大学人口所主办的《市场与人口分析》2007年第1期发在首篇的论文《中国人口、人力资本变化趋势》这样写到(请作者不要怪罪，我无意贬损作者，也并不代表我否定其研究论文，下面我会公正客观地评价问题)：　　摘要：利用多状态人口预测模型，以2000年人口普查为基础依据，在对数据进行评估和修订的基础上，综合相关研究成果对未来生育水平、死亡水平、人口迁移和教育转换等参数进行估计，预测了2000年到2030年人口规模的变化，对未来人口的年龄结构特别是老龄化和未来人口和劳动年龄人口的人力资本进行了预测，并分析了城市化和人口迁移对我国未来人口发展的影响。预测结果对我国编制人口规划、制定应对老龄化、提高人力资本和合理利用劳动力的有关政策具有重要意义。　　这是典型的论文简介而非“摘其要点而发”的论文摘要，并且，后面的一句话还是自我褒扬式的简介。——这样的自我评价本来应该是由别人阅后来做的。但这期杂志所载的11篇刊有论文摘要的文章中，也有3篇(第2、10、11篇)论文摘要的确是“摘其要点而发”者(约占30%)。如第10篇《全球化进程中世界就业若干特征分析》开头写到：　　摘要：随着经济全球化的深度推进，世界就业呈现出一系列规律性特征。主要表现在就业方式、就业结构以及劳资关系的变革上。正确认识全球化进程中劳动就业的规律性特征，对于制定正确的对外开放以及就业战略具有重要的意义。

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历史上有哪些著名的悖论？