翻译的英文论文

增译法1）抽象名词后加词使其具体化2）增加一个适当的名词。3） 增加数量词。4）增加形容词5）不及物动词后增加宾语。6）增加连词。7）增加表示时态的词。8）增加一个适当的动词。9）增加英语中省略的词。10）增加一些适当修饰词语。 2．减译法:由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式以及修辞手段上的不同，有些词语或句子成分在英中是必不可少的，但若搬到译文去， 就会影响译文的简洁和通顺。因此在英译汉的过程中，为了使译文更加简练，更符合汉语的表达习惯需要省略一些可有可无或翻译后反嫌累赘的词语。但必须注意，减译不是删掉原文中的某些内容，在不易减译的情况下，不要随便减。1) 省略代词。2) 省略冠词。3) 省略连词。4) 省略介词。5) 省略名词。6) 省略动词。 4．分译法: 英语长句子比较多，汉语句子相对而言比较短。在翻译时可以改变原 文结构，把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来，译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。 合译法:和分译法不同，合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起， 使其更符合汉 语的表达方法。 6．反译法:一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。有些句子英语是从正面 说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。1) 否定译成肯定。2)肯定译成否定。 顺序调整法:一般来说，翻译时应该按照句子原来的顺序进行，但由于英汉两 种语言中定语、状语和一些其他成分的位置不完全相同，翻译时需要做一定的调整（例如采用倒译法），使其符合汉语的习惯。 9．被动语态翻译法1) 变为汉语的主动形式。2) 被动结构的表化，将其翻译成"是……的"、"由……的"等3) 译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。4) 增添"人们"、"大家等适当的词做汉语译文的主 语。翻译技巧》 第一部分 翻译的性质与职业要求 教学目的：使学生很好地了解翻译的性质和作为译者的职业要求。 教学要点：翻译的定义、翻译的原则、翻译的过程、译者的职业要求 教学难点：学生缺乏翻译实际工作经验和对语言学、文学等翻译相关学科的知识，使得他们难于真正理解翻译的性质。 教学方法：项目驱动的任务型教学、合作学习教学 教学设备：网络多媒体课室 教学情境：参观翻译公司 时间分配： 第1-2节：翻译的定义 翻译的原则 翻译的过程 关于翻译的一些重要概念 第3-4节：参观翻译公司 译者的职业要求 翻译服务译文质量要求 翻译服务规范 翻译工作者操守准则与职业规范 翻译的定义 “翻译”（translation）可以有多种理解：Translating（翻译活动）/ translation（译文）/interpreting（口译活动）/interpretation（口译）, translation studies(翻译研究), translatology（翻译学）。本课程所说的指的是翻译实践活动（Translating），是一种跨越时空的语言活动，而不是指翻译产品。 He is doing (活动) He is doing a (翻译产品) He is good at (技能) He is reading Shakespeare in (译文) The translation of theories into (转化) 我们可以轻松地从词典中查找到翻译的定义，一般来说，会说成是“将一门语言转化为另一门语言”，但这种定义太简单、太笼统。关于翻译人们有着不同的定义。如： 翻译是科学。 翻译是艺术。 翻译是技能、技艺。 翻译是跨文化交际。 翻译是“把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来”（范存忠：“漫谈翻译”《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，80） 翻译是“从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息（奈达，引自谭载喜：《奈达论翻译》中国对外翻译出版公司，1984，10） 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，《英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社，1986：1） 所有以上的表述都是从某个角度对翻译进行的定义，可借鉴来让我们更全面地了解翻译的性质。 翻译工作作为一种脑力劳动，其目的是将文学、科学方面的材料从一种语言译成另一种语言，从事这一工作的人承担着由该工作性质产生的特殊义务。（Translation，being an intellectual activity, the object of which is the transfer of literary, scientific and technical texts from one language into another，imposes on those who practice it specific obligations inherent in its very ） 国际翻译工作者联合会翻译工作者宪章 (THE TRANSLATOR'S CHARTER of The International Federation of Translators) 翻译可以分为： 1、语内翻译：如：从古汉语已成现代汉语。 2、语际翻译：如：从英语译成汉语。 3、符际翻译：如：从体态语译成口语。 翻译的主体：译者 翻译的对象：科技文化信息 翻译的目的：交流 翻译的过程 翻译是一种语言活动，它包括理解和表达两个方面。理解是指对原文文本进行分析和彻底了解原文的意义，表达指以目的语再现在原文中理解的内容。翻译过程包括语言转化和文化交际，其复杂性和困难性难以一言蔽之。 表1 源语(语言和文化) 目的语 (语言和文化) (表层结构) (表层结构) 深层结构 分析/解码 转化 重构 /编码 翻译中主体与客体之间的关系 表2 原文作者 原作 译作读者 读者(译者) 译作 1) 句式分析 2) 语义分析 3) 语用分析 4) 语用合成 5) 语义合成 6) 句式合成 死扣原文的词汇、短语或语法结构进行词词对应的翻译永远难以行得通。译者必须以科学的方式彻底理解和准确表达。意即说，译者在着手翻译时，首先必须理解原文的内容和风格，然后才能通过灵活使用相应的规律和适当的方法，创造性地再现原文的真实，以使译文既具有可读性又具有忠实性。 * How are you? 怎么是你？ * How old are you? 怎么老是你？ *He stood up from the 他从椅子上站了起来。（他站了起来。） 翻译的原则 信、达、雅（严复）Faithfulness; Expressiveness; Elegance (Yan fu) 1898 年，严复在《天演论·译例言》中，明确提出“信、达、雅”乃“译事楷模”，并详加申说道：“译事三难信达雅。求其信已大难矣。顾信矣不达。虽译尤不译也。……” 信Faithfulness; ---to be faithful to the content of the original信于原文内容 达Expressiveness; ---to be as expressive as the original达与原文形式 切Closeness --- to be as close to the original style as 切合于原文的文体风格 (刘重德Liu Zhongde) 1935 年，鲁迅在《“题未定”草》（ 1984 ： 246 ）里，也提出了自己对于翻译原则的结论性观点：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然为求其解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。” 语际的意义转换不能是任意的，它必须遵循一定的规范，才能使翻译成为有意义的社会行为。翻译的标准，就是语际意义转换的规范性制约条件。刘宓庆：1990《现代翻译理论》 泰勒三原则(Alexander Fraser Tytler) 1791 年，第一本用英语撰写的系统研究翻译过程的著作《论翻译的原则》问世，作者泰特勒在书中提出了著名的翻译三原则： ①译文应完全复写出原作的思想。The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original ②译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the ③译文应和原作同样的流畅。The translation should have the ease of the original 国际翻译工作者联合会翻译工作者宪章(THE TRANSLATOR'S CHARTER of The International Federation of Translators) 任何译文都应忠实于原意，准确表达原文的思想和形式，遵守这种忠实的原则是翻译工作者法律上与道德上的义务。Every translation shall be faithful and render exactly the idea and form of the original - this fidelity constituting both a moral and legal obligation for the 然而，正确的译文不应同逐字翻译混为一谈，因为翻译的忠实并不排除文字上的必要改变，以便使人能够用另一种语言在另一个国家体会到原作的形式、气氛及其内在含意。A faithful translation, however, should not be confused with a literal translation, the fidelity of a translation not excluding an adaptation to make the form, the atmosphere and deeper meaning of the work felt in another language and 作为职业的翻译 翻译的重要性（Importance of translation:）： 翻译工作在当代世界被看作是一种经常、普遍和必不可少的活动形式；翻译工作能够使各国人民进行精神与物质上的交流，丰富各国人民的生活，促进人们之间的了解。（Translation has established itself as a permanent, universal and necessary activity in the world of today; that by making intellectual and material exchanges possible among nations it enriches their life and contributes to a better understanding amongst ） 翻译作为一种职业（Translation as a profession）： 尽管从事翻译工作的环境各有不同，但当前必须把翻译工作看作是一种固定、独立的职业。（In spite of the various circumstances under which it is practised translation must now be recognized as a distinct and autonomous ）

英语翻译毕业论文可以写某个电影或者某本书的翻译，开始也不太会，也是莫文网的高手帮忙的，很靠谱的说应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻国内商务英语翻译研究综述顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译论商务英语翻译的4Es标准关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译试论旅游英语翻译中的创造性论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养试论近代国人英语翻译基于功能翻译理论的商务英语翻译教学任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略商务英语翻译教学存在的问题与改革商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿商务英语翻译原则探讨商务英语翻译中的文化与语用因素研究Advanced Systematic Golf高尔夫技术英语翻译项目的实践报告

论文（Paper）或：dissertation（论文）或：thesis（论文）经常说的：）~English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)

这个是最好的答案了English learners in reading difficulties and solutions to China's traditional foreign language teaching is based on bottom-up model Bound by the traditional teaching model, re-learning of English grammar and vocabulary knowledge, light pragmatic Makes the students "saw wood for the " Is even more important in the intensive reading light, extensive reading, it can be said to read only for exams So that many foreign language learners learn a foreign language for many years remained outside the instrument can not effectively read, watch foreign language newspaper, and there are many difficulties in reading on the whole, including the following: Vocabulary and the idiom is not less than understand a rich vocabulary is a prerequisite to improve reading Enough vocabulary so that reading can not proceed smoothly, the sentence will not be well understood, let alone an accurate understanding of the Therefore greatly limited vocabulary hindered effective reading and effective access to As we all know, is a national cultural idioms of It reflects the way people think of a country and way of English idiom has a simple structure, there may be unexpected So as a foreigner is difficult, if not in-depth study to understand the idiom that means flexible, and thus also affect the For the accumulation of everyday words and idioms is undoubtedly extremely Word formation in terms of the use of the word is very Through word-building rules to keep in mind there are many words As for the use of idioms to be good at discovering new things more than usual attention to the eyes of British and American in different contexts and idioms used to be good at is summarized on the Second, the guess is when dealing with new words a very practical and effective This is the word which by the context in which to guess based on context, and it can also appear in the text associated with near synonyms to guess the specific meaning of the In short in many different ways to have access to the words of The lack of background knowledge, lack of background knowledge of English reading ability is the impact of another important Background knowledge is a cultural, arts, customs, religious traditions, legends, , all-encompassing knowledge of Because of its breadth of scope, it is difficult to do But both are attached to each reading in a certain cultural background, cultural background knowledge therefore largely determine the acceptance of students to read the information and understanding of the This point through a magazine to read news lectures are to gain new knowledge about the background effective Also in today's rapid development of information technology, network resources, access to knowledge is a good The lack of reading skills including the lack of reading skills are two aspects: one is reading too slow, the other is the amount too small to Many English learners in reading a word to read a word, encounter a new word to the dictionary, do not search hard to This will cause disruption to read, which affect reading On the other hand the extensive reading into intensive reading, reading speed is too slow, the results of the amount is too small to read, a great impact on the reading For this problem should be adopted to improve the learning skills to master The real use of different reading skills and their match in the article, in order to achieve the unity of reading speed and efficiency, helping to better

你打中文我来翻译？

Haiti Earthquake of 2010 March 19, 2010 A delegation of experts on Human Rights in Haiti prepares to testify before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on March The delegation will urge the Commission to formally investigate the human rights impact of post-earthquake aid in Haiti and guide donor States regarding their obligations when delivering — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 19, 2010 In anticipation of the March 31 Donors' Conference on Haiti, over 300 NGOs from around the world sent a letter to donor states calling on them to embrace the human rights and dignity of all Haitians as the driving force behind international assistance in rebuilding H — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 16, 2010 January’s earthquake has prompted hundreds of thousands of Haitians to leave Port-au-Prince, reversing a decades-long migration from the — NYT March 15, 2010 New Orleans Law School professor Jeanne M Woods draws on the experience of Hurricane Katrina to advocate for a "human rights approach" to aid for Haiti, which would provide Haitians with control over their own destiny and long-term support for their basic — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 15, 2010 Successful and sustainable development projects require including the Haitian people themselves in the planning and But as Loune Viaud of Partners in Health and Monika Kalra Varma of the RFK Center for Human Rights observe, "Those who have the greatest stake in rebuilding Haiti, Haitians themselves, don’t now and never have had a real seat at the " — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 12, 2010 Elderly Haitians find themselves distinctly vulnerable and emotionally burdened after January's — NYT March 9, 2010 In the aftermath of the earthquake, Haiti faces the added challenge of the growing number of amputees and other disabled victims of the There is a pressing need for prostheses and a rehabilitation infrastructure before it's too — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti Table of Contents Overview Relief Efforts Haitian Government Response Earthquakes in the Caribbean Social Conditions in Haiti Americans Accused of Child Trafficking How to Help Complete Coverage Overview Updated: F 19, 2010 By THE NEW YORK TIMES A massive earthquake struck Haiti just before 5 on J 12, about 10 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, the country's The quake was the worst in the region in more than 200 A study by the Inter-American Development Bank estimates that the cost could be between $2 billion to $2 billion, based on a death toll from 200,000 to 250,

Reading English learners in the difficulties and the solving methodsOur traditional language teaching is the basis of in bottom-up model Influenced by traditional teaching mode in the bondage of learning English grammar, vocabulary knowledge, heavy light pragmatic Make students "the forest for the " Reading is heavy intensive reading light reading, can say reading are only for the testing Make many foreign language learners to learn foreign language still cannot effectively for many years, see foreign papers read percentage of foreign books, and there are many difficulties in reading, overall includes the following aspects: The vocabulary of idioms deficiency and not understandingRich vocabulary is the premise condition improve your reading The vocabulary enough that reading cannot go smoothly, not very good understanding sentence is much less accurate understanding So limited vocabulary greatly hindered effective reading and effective information As is known to all, idioms is a national culture of It reflects a country the way people think and way of English is concise structure of idioms, may have unexpected Therefore as foreigners if not in-depth study hard to understand those flexible idioms mean, thus will also affect For words and idioms daily accumulation undoubtedly is extremely For the use of word-formation in words are very Can through to regular remember morphology of many words And for idioms to use good at discovering new things eyes Peacetime pay more attention in different contexts Anglo-American use idioms and be good at of idioms are Secondly, guess is the new words in dealing with when a very practical efficient This is among the context by words according to the context to guess, also can pass in this paper and it appeared synonymous with the related near the specific meaning to guess the Anyhow through many different ways can obtain the understanding of The lack of relevant background knowledgeThe lack of background knowledge of English reading ability is the effect of another important Background knowledge is composed of culture, art, customs, religious traditions, legends, all-embracing knowledge Since it involves broad scope, so it is difficult to accomplish all But each reading and are dependent on certain cultural context, so the cultural background knowledge in largely decided to accept students reading information and the To see the news at this point to browse through magazines lecture are to obtain new information about the background knowledge effective Also at the rapid development of information technology, network resources is today get knowledge very good The lack of reading skillsThe lack of reading skill mainly includes two aspects: one is reading speed too slow, on the other hand is reading quantity is too Many English learners to read a word one word is read, met new words, don't check the dictionary is hard to read So will result in reading interrupt, thus affecting the understanding of 1_ding into intensive reading, reading speed too slow, results reading quantity is too small, has greatly affected the reading For this problem should read through mastery of learning techniques to The real different reading skills used in its matching article, so as to realize the reading speed and efficiency unification, help better