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转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » (Wang 1991: 38) The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but There is nothing wrong in any of these When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent The problem of equivalence has caused much Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target This is a naive Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence, » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » (1969: 12) He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » (1984: 14) De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants ( de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217) Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, reducing polyvalence, explaining away any discrepancies or Linguistic knowledge can help us treat different genres in different ways, always with an awareness that there are never exact equivalences but only Therefore, amplification and simplification become If we agree that texts can be translated, then, in what way does linguistics contribute to translation? To answer this question, we must look at the acceptance of western linguistics in China and its influence on Systematic and scientific study of the Chinese language came into being only at the end of the last century, when Ma Jianzhong published a grammar book Mashi Wentong «马氏文通» in 1898, which was the first in China and took the grammar of Indo-European languages as its The study of language was, in turn, influenced by translation studies in C In Mashi Wenton, the main emphasis is on the use of morphology, which takes up six-sevenths of the Influenced by the dominant trend of morphological studies, a word was regarded as the minimum meaningful unit, and a sentence was therefore the logical combination of words of various specific Translation was, then, principally based on the unit of the In the West, Biblical translation provided a very good example, just as the translation of Buddhist scriptures did in C Not until the end of the 19th century did some linguists come to realize that sentences were not just the summary of the sequenced words they The Prague School, founded in the 1920s, made a considerable contribution to the study of According to the analytic approach of the Functional Perspective of the Prague School, a sentence can be broken down into two parts: theme and Theme is opposed to rheme in a manner similar to the distinction between topic and comment, and is defined as the part of a sentence which contributes least to advancing the process of Rheme, on the other hand, is the part of a sentence which adds most to advancing the process of communication and has the highest degree of communicative These two terms help enlighten the process of translating Chinese into E In the mid-1950s, the study of syntax peaked with the Chomsky's establishment of transformational-generative This theory of the deep structure and surface structure of language influenced translation Nida relied heavily on this theory in developing his « analyzing-transfering-reconstructing » pattern for Some Chinese linguists, in the meantime, tried to raise language studies to a higher Li Jinxi (1982) enlarged the role of sentence studies in his book A New Chinese Grammar, two thirds of which was devoted to discussing sentence formation or He writes that « No words can be identified except in the context of a » The study was then improved by other grammarians, including Lu Shuxiang, Wang L With the development of linguistic studies, translation based on the unit of the sentence was put forward by some It was Lin Yu-Tang who first applied the theory to translation in his article « On T » He claimed that « translation should be done on the basis of the sentence [] What a translator should be faithful to is not the individual words but the meaning conveyed by them » (Lin 1984: r 3) The importance of context in the understanding of a sentence was therefore Chao Yuanren, a Chinese scholar and professor at Harvard University, criticized scholars and translators who tended to forget this point and take language for something independent and self- In fact, it is obvious that when we translate a sentence, we depend on its context; when we interpret an utterance we rely on the context of the speech ( Chao 1967) When a sentence is removed from the text, it usually becomes ambiguous due to the lack of Therefore, translation becomes In the 1960s, people began to realize that the study of language based on sentences was not even A complete study should be made of the whole A simple sentence like « George passed » may have different interpretations in different If the context is that of an examination, it means George did well on a test; in a card game it would indicate that George declined his chance to bid; in sports it would mean the ball reached another Without a context, how could we decide on a translation? Linguists therefore shifted their attention to the study of texts and to discourse Text linguistics have become increasingly popular since that Van Dijk was a pioneer in this field, and his four-volume edition of the Handbook of Discourse Analysis is of great Halliday's Cohesion in English and Introduction to Functional Grammar help us to better understand the English language on a textual It is worth noting that de Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) provided an overall and systematic study of text, which is useful to translation De Beaugrande actually wrote a book called Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating in The book did not become very popular as it confined the discussion to translating At the same time, books on a linguistic approach to translation were introduced into China, such as the works of Eugene Nida, Peter Newmarks, JC Catford, Georges Mounin, and These books gave a great push to the application of linguistic theories to translation studies in C Textual or discoursive approaches to the study of translation could not keep pace with the development of text Some studies remained on the syntactic or semantic level, though even there textual devices were In talking about the translation units of word and text, Nida wrote: average person naively thinks that language is words, the common tacit assumption results that translation involves replacing a word in language A with a word in language B And the more « conscientious » this sort of translation is, the more In other words, the traditional focus of attention in translation was on the It was recognized that that was not a sufficiently large unit, and therefore the focus shifted to the But again, expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate that individual sentences, in turn, are not The focus should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total (Nida and Tabber 1969: 152) From that statement we can see that Nida regards a discourse as something larger than a paragraph, as an article with a beginning and an Nida himself never applied text linguistics to translation, and there might be some confusion if we use his term in our interpretation of discourse, because discourse analysis is not merely a study based on a larger language Some Chinese scholars did make the effort to apply text linguistics to the theory and practice of Wang Bingqin's article (1987) was the first academic paper of this He stated his aim to study and discover the rules governing the internal structure of a text in light of text He analyzed numerous examples using textual analysis, but unfortunately, all the samples he collected were descriptions of scenery or quotations from the books of great scholars--no dialogue, no illocutionary or perlocutionary forces in the He failed to provide a variety of For this reason, his research findings are largely restricted to rhetorical texts in ancient China ( Wang 1981; Luo 1994) Scholars like He Ziran applied pragamatics to He's article (1992) put forth two new terms, « pragmalinguistics » and « socio-pragmatics » which, in translation, refer respectively to « the study of pragmatic force or language use from the viewpoint of linguistic sources » and to « the pragmatic studies which examine the conditions on language use that derive from the social and cultural » He discusses the possibility of applying the pragmatic approach to translation in order to achieve a pragmatic equivalent effect between source and target texts; that is, to reproduce the message carried by the source language itself, as well as the meaning carried by the source language within its context and In this article he tries to distinguish « pragma-linguistics » from « socio-pragmatics » but finally admits that « Actually, a clear line between pragma-linguistics and socio-pragmatics may sometimes be difficult to » Still he insists that the application of the pragmatic approach to translation is helpful and even Ke Wenli (1992) argued that semantics, which in a broad sense combines semantics and pragmatics, should be studied to help understand, explain and solve some of the problems encountered in In this article, he examines four semantic terms--« sense and reference, » « hyponomy, » « changes of meaning » and « context »--giving many examples to illusrate the importance of having some general knowledge of semantics and of understanding the relationship between semantics and This article is clearly written and readers can easily draw inspiration from These linguistics approaches shed new lights on the criteria of « faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance » defined by Yan F Chinese scholars began to criticize the vagueness of these three criteria and endeavored to give them concrete significance through the theories of western The result is that the content of these three traditional criteria has been greatly enriched, especially by the effect equivalence theory, which in a broad sense means that the target language should be equivalent to the source language from a semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic point of But we are still unable to evaluate translations in a very scientific Therefore, Chinese scholars like Fan Shouyi, Xu Shenghuan and Mu Lei embarked on quantitative analyses of translations and used the fuzzy set theory of mathematics in accomplishing their Fan published several articles on this field of His 1987 and 1990 articles evaluate translations according to a numerical quantity of Xu's article « A Mathematical Model for Evaluating a Translation's Quality » presents a normal mathematical He states that it is difficult to produce an absolutely accurate evaluation of translations with this model because of the uncertainty and randomness of man's thought Making such analysis more accurate and objective would require further The unit in translation is a hard nut to Without solving this problem, no research in translation studies will ever be To date, very few people have focused their research on this Nida holds that the unit should be the sentence, and in a certain sense, the Barkhudarov (1993: 40), Soviet linguist and translation theorist, suggests that: translation is the process of transforming a speech product (or text) produced in one language into a speech product (or text) in another [] It follows that the most important task of the translator who carries out the process of transformation, and of the theorist who describes or creates a model for that process, is to establish the minimal unit of translation, as it is generally called, the unit of translation in the source Though he notes the importance of the unit of translation in a text and considers that this unit can be a unit on any level of language, he fails to point out what a text is and how it might be measured in Halliday's notion of the clause might be significant in this To him, a clause is a basic He distinguishes three functions of a clause: textual, interpersonal and According to Halliday, these functions are not possessed by word or But he is not quite successful in analyzing the relationship between clause and text ( Halliday 1985) In China, some people have tried to solve this Wang Dechun (1987: 10) more or less shares Bakhudarov's view that the translation unit cannot be confined just to In some ways, the phoneme, word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, or even text can all serve as a At this point, we cannot find anything special in treating text translation except for having text as the highest level among translation This is not the aim of text linguistics or discourse If we want to apply these to the theory and practice of translation, we will require a textual
篇章语言学是研究篇章的结构及各种篇章现象，介绍和分析组成篇章的基本原则和技巧的语言学流派，它研究的对象是大于小句的片段。
自己动用找吧~！或写。这上传不了 1W字。在说了。也不知你学的是哪方面的怎么帮你啊~！ 1、 [汉语言文学]论徐小斌长篇小说《羽蛇》的神秘色彩 内 容 摘 要本文从内容和形式两个方面展开论述徐小斌长篇小说《羽蛇》的神秘色彩，并透过神秘的外在表现，从女性试图重建女权社会、寻求救赎和选择逃离三个层面，深度挖掘神秘背后的隐喻。在论述中，本文以 类别：毕业论文 大小：31 KB 日期：2009-01-16 2、 [汉语言文学]浅析我国卫星电视品牌定位经营 开题报告+论文内 容 摘 要近些年来,中国各省市都有了卫星电视，其发展的空间很大。然而由于诸多原因，中国卫视的经营也出现了很多问题，面临一些发展瓶颈。本文通过对安徽卫视、湖南卫视、东方卫视、凤凰卫视等 类别：毕业论文 大小：42 KB 日期：2009-01-16 3、 [汉语言文学]论都梁的小说 内 容 摘 要从20世纪90年代中期到现在，可以称得上是中国当代军旅小说的繁荣期。都梁作为这一时期成就卓越的现代军旅小说家，作品虽然不多，但是其作品在当代文坛，特别是在当代军旅小说文坛上的地位却不可忽 类别：毕业论文 大小：28 KB 日期：2009-01-16 4、 [汉语言文学]《论语》中“之”字的使用 摘要 以《论语》一书为考察对象，采取定性定量的研究方法，探讨“之”字的语法功能和语法意义,具有一定的参考价值和研究价值。根据统计，“之”字在《论语》中出现497次，可分为连词、代词、动词、固定用法等 类别：毕业论文 大小：20 KB 日期：2008-11-28 5、 [汉语言文学]论陈染小说写作中的两性观 2008-11-22 13:16 78,848 翻译和原文doc2008-11-22 12:03 37,376 开题报告doc2008-11-22 类别：毕业论文 大小：79 KB 日期：2008-11-22 6、 [汉语言文学]陈彤对都市白领女性的透视与反思 【摘要】： 90年代，都市白领女性作为城市的新兴阶层受到了文坛的广泛关注。在所有表现这一阶层生活面貌的作品中，女作家陈彤的作品越来越受到读者的注意。她通过对都市白领女性的物质生活、物质理想、物质爱情三 类别：毕业论文 大小：661 KB 日期：2008-11-19 7、 [汉语言文学]论李渔小说之“奇” 摘 要： 一直以来,李渔都以一个“奇人”的姿态活在中国的历史长廊中。不论是其人生态度,生活作风,还是他的爱情观念,都无不体现出奇特之处在李渔的小说中,也充分体现出了这种“奇”的思想。本人试从其小说 类别：毕业论文 大小：16 KB 日期：2008-10-27 %BA%BA%D3%EF%D1%D4%CE%C4%D1%A7&btn=+%CB%D1%CB%F7+
主要看你擅长语言学的哪个领域哦，这样吧，你去看下现代语言学这本期刊上的相关文献，看看这本期刊的文献有什么领域是你想研究的，你学习学习
晕 你都这时候才想起来写啊 你写什么方面的啊？
新时期汉语言文学经过二十多年的发展，经历了从复兴、繁荣、理性和回归四个阶段。从二十多年的文学创作与文学发展的轨迹看，当代文学的发展过程，事实上是一个文学创作与文学风格逐渐回归本源的过程，这有两个标志，一是内容上向现实主义回归，一是风格上向写实传统回归。当代文学的这种嬗变的过程今天看来已经是一个不争的事实。 改革开放初期，当时全中国思想刚刚解放，作家积压在心中的十年郁闷希望一吐为快，这以卢新华的短篇小说《伤痕》为代表。伤痕文学虽然感情上比较饱满，切中人心，直抒胸臆，但从艺术上来说未免粗糙，这就为紧接着出现的寻根文学、先锋派等文学流派的出现做了铺垫。事实上，其后出现的意识流、寻根文学、先锋派和新写实主义等，从广义上说，都可以称之为先锋文学。先锋文学的集中出现，有其深厚的社会背景和土壤。八十年代中后期探索性的作品大量涌现，是中国当代作家尤其是年轻作家对以往文革遗风的一种反拨和革命，是对“老三篇”式的高、大、全文学的一次反动。在时代精神上也契合了改革开放学习西方文明和先进思想的社会思潮，这种进步思潮反映到文学中来，便是八十年代中期以后的文学革命，这种革命首先表现为形式上的革命。中国当代作家们尤其年轻的一代，他们不满以往的传统模式和八股传统，希望学习西方文学借鉴西方作家的技巧，并与本国的文学创作相结合，探索出一种适合中国新时期文学的表现形式。这种努力表现为一大批新老作家在形式上不断探索，主要采用新瓶装旧酒的方式。比如王蒙的早期小说，以及以池莉《烦恼人生》为代表的新写实主义等等，总体上这个时间的小说，在内容上创新的同时，更多的是在形式上，借鉴西方早已出现的先锋小说和新潮小说的形式，多数以形式的创新给读者以耳目一新的感觉。这种革新既体现在语言上、叙述风格上，也体现在故事结构、文体等方面，这个阶段可以说是中国当代作家和当代文学集中向外国同行学习的时期，作家们力图在形式上寻求一种突破，一改以往传统单一的叙述方式和刻板的表现形式，改变以往文以载道以及高大全的文学观念，各种形式不断涌现，流派纷呈。意识流、先锋派、新写实主义、魔幻现实主义等等一并包收并容，并在中国当代文坛进行某种形式的复制和实验，文坛和读者对这种探索表现出相当的宽容、支持与欢迎，这使八十年代的文学实验和文学创作形成了文革后的第一个高峰，文学创作从内容到形式取得了从来没有的自由，真正可以称得上是百花齐放百家争鸣。这个时期的文学革命是与当时的全社会思想解放运动相吻合的。但回过头来看，这种对西方文学技巧文学形式的学习，基本上还是囫囵吞枣式的生吞活剥，是鲁迅先生所说的“拿来主义”，并没有经过实践的检验。就其本质来说，还是一种形式上的革新和风格上的变化。但它对当代文学和当代作家思维的冲击却是巨大的，其影响也是深远的，中国作家第一次开始学会以开放的眼光来认识世界文学，意识到自己与世界的差距，同时也开始以世界的眼光审视当代文坛和当代文学创作，文学开始有了创新的意识，这是十分难能可贵的。可以称得上一次文学上的革命。虽然还带有幼稚学步的成分。
汉语新词语修辞方式造词法 (字数:8691,页数:11 ) 古代送别诗的研究 (字数:12515,页数:14) 副词“才”与“就”在句法中的异同 (字数:9645,页数:12 ) 当前社会用字不规范现象的调查与分析 (字数:7989,页数:10 ) 从李娃和霍小玉形象比较看唐传奇之女性形象塑造 (字数:8051,页数:07 ) 浅析《双城记》中卡尔登的利他主义 (字数:9160,页数:12 ) 从封建伦理纲常小析《琵琶记》中蔡伯喈的形象 (字数:7421,页数:11 ) 《红楼梦》中的鸳鸯形象 (字数:10157,页数:14) 《沧浪之水》女性形象分析 (字数:11348,页数:13) 短信中积极修辞艺术的探讨 (字数:8023,页数:13 ) 《说文解字注》“舟”部校勘记 (字数:9308,页数:12 ) 论《人生》对“交叉地带”爱情的描写 (字数:9421,页数:09 ) 论《庄子》语言的修辞美 (字数:12075,页数:13) 谈古诗十九首中的游子诗 (字数:9497,页数:12 ) 浅谈对窦娥悲剧的认识 (字数:9099,页数:13 ) 浅析李清照词花与酒的意象及其关系 (字数:9594,页数:10 ) 论唐传奇《任氏传》中的女性主义 (字数:6406,页数:08 ) 李煜词的特点及其对豪放词的贡献 (字数:8730,页数:09 ) 浅析《黑骏马》中的草原情怀 (字数:7499,页数:10 ) 从陶渊明之诗文透视其归隐 (字数:8995,页数:12 ) 周星驰电影热反映的当代文化心态 (字数:6347,页数:07 ) 秦观与豪放派 (字数:11511,页数:14) 浅析赵壹抒情小赋的艺术特征 (字数:6867,页数:08 ) 试论《西厢记》的语言艺术成就 (字数:8791,页数:13 ) 浅析《红楼梦》中小红形象 (字数:7802,页数:12 ) 浅析杜甫生平对诗歌爱国主题表达的意义 (字数:8635,页数:09 ) 对初中语文教学中提高学生口语交际能力的思考 (字数:11003,页数:14) 王维与孟浩然山水田园诗诗风之比较 (字数:7527,页数:10 ) 论歌妓对宋词的影响 (字数:11762,页数:14) 芙蓉内外——古华《芙蓉镇》人物性格与命运 (字数:7557,页数:09 ) 《鼓掌绝尘》中的俗语 (字数:8047,页数:10 ) 论《庄子 》寓言中“鱼”的意象 (字数:9394,页数:12 ) 浅论阿Q形象及其当代性 (字数:8226,页数:11 ) 试探广告语的“潜引力” (字数:9163,页数:13 ) 论吴宇森电影的“暴力美学”风格 (字数:6588,页数:10 ) 李杨爱情现实故事与戏剧故事的比较 (字数:9336,页数:12 ) 站在道德尽头的审视——余华小说《兄弟》的社会画面分析 (字
我们中文系的论文自己写完了都是卖的,你现在拿200积分来换一般不会有跟你换的!我的毕业论文是<陆游诗歌的梅花意象>
还是自己写吧，这样不厚道捏。
二、汉语言文学的运用性1、美学指导。汉语言文学的首要应用性既是美学指导，而不是相关文学的运用性。美学是理解文学的基础，也是理解世界万物的基础。只要适合美的标准的事物，其即可存在，如果不适合美的标准，其不可存在。美是维持世界存在的根本规律，也是人类心理发展的最高层次，在这个基础上来说，理解文学的前提，就是要理解美学，美学给文学提供了内在的规律，是文学存在的根本保证。所以，汉语言文学的首要运用性就是美学指导。2、文学理解。文学理解是在美学指导的基础上，引申出来的一种运用性，也是汉语言文学专业最显现的一种运用性。美学可以解构文学作品，在解构的基础上，即可帮助我们理解文学作品，文学理解，既是理解文学作品。汉语文学专业，通过相关专业课的学习，并在美学指导的基础上，已经具备了很高层次的文学理解性。3、写作运用。汉语言文学专业本身就有写作的训练，也有相关的理论专业课。《写作学》为汉语言文学专业所学者提供了理论上的支持以及格式规范，《文学概论》则为其提供了深层次上规律总结，这两门课时写作运用的基础，也是写作运用的以进行的保证。汉语言文学专业的写作即同于其它专业的写作要求，也有其自身的特点。汉语言文学专业的写作，因其文科性质比较强，其写作追求的层面也“以文弄墨”，不过归之于个人，可能也会相应的转弱。写作的运用是汉语言文学专业自身的要求，也是其专业性质的一种体现。4、语言规律。汉语言文学是一门有关语言的专业，其对语言文字的修养及其能力也是相对较高的。其对语言文字规律的总结是综合实用的，也是汉语言文学专业相对比较实用的部分。语言规律的运用，变现在两个方面。以上就是小编分享的关于汉语言文学的运用性论文的分享，小伙伴们可以仔细研究其中的内容，为自己的毕业论文寻找一些灵感，更多论文相关内容，请关注本平台，小编会做及时的整理与发布。
我是青岛大学 中文系的 ，，，需要的话 先采纳 然后站内我 我给你发邮件。。
这篇汉语言毕业论文是本科还是专科？
论语言和交际的关系[摘 要] 语言是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类的思维工具和最重要的交际工具，是一种音义结合的符号系统。语言在社会交际中具有非常重要的作用，是人类社会的最重要的交际工具。人们通过使用用语言进行交际，交流思想，以便在认知现实、改造现实的过程中协调相互之间的行为，以取得最佳的效果。[关键词] 语言 交际当你面对与他人复杂的人际关系的时候;当你需要拒绝他人无理请求的时候；当你调解纠纷，化干戈为玉帛的时候;当你想要说服别人同意你观点的时候；……有一样东西能为你实现目标，那便是------语言。现实中，语言存在于说话和所说出来的话中，说明语言在社会交际中具有非常重要的作用，因为不会说话人就失去了它的本质，与动物无异。人们用语言进行交际，交流思想，以便在认知现实、改造现实的过程中协调相互之间的行为，以取得最佳的效果。所以，语言是人们的一种交际工具。“虽然人类的交际工具不止语言一种，其它如文字、手势、表情等也都能实现交际的任务，也是交际工具，但它们与语言相比重要性就要差多了。根本上说人类各种辅助性交际工具，都是在语言基础上制定的，没有语言基础，这些工具也就失去了存在的意义。总之，语言是人类最重要的交际工具。其他交际工具，可以说是语言的补充，是用来辅助语言交际的。”那么什么是语言？一、语言的概述“按照常人的理解，语言就是说话。”[1]然而这是一个比较狭隘的定义。语言不是说话，也不是所说的话。说话是运用语言跟人们交流思想的行为，是语言能力的外在表现形式，本身不等于语言。“语言是说话和表达思想、交流思想的工具，而说话是运用语言进行思想交流的行为，说出来的话则是人们运用语言工具生产出来的‘产品’”。 （一）语言的定义：“语言是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类的思维工具和最重要的交际工具，是一种音义结合的符号系统”。 [2]（二）语言的组成部分:语言是由语音、语法、词汇三部分组成。（三）语言的特性:社会性、全民性、符号性。（四）语言的起源:“语言是从劳动中并和劳动一起产生出来的，这个解释是惟一正确的解释……”——恩格斯语。（五）语言发展的特点：语言发展是缓慢的、渐变的，语言随着社会的发展而发展，语言各个部分的发展是不平衡的，语言成分发展中的一致性，语言成分由具体到抽象的发展。学者曹志希、何玲梅认为“语言具有无限的表达和理解功能 主要原因之一是 ,与其它文际形式相比 ,它最具有系统化的特征语言学家认为 ,语言之最惊人的特点是它能够帮助编造或理解以前从未有过的句子。” [3]二、语言与交际的关系现代社会是一个竞争与合作的社会，有的人在竞争中失败，有的人在合作中成功，这其中奥妙何在？生意场上有“金口玉言”，“ 利言攸先”之说；政治场上有“领导过问了”，“ 一言定升迁”之说；文化界有“点睛之笔”，“破题之语”，生活中常有生死荣辱系于一言之说。可见，在现代交际中，能否成功运用语言的影响力，实在影响着一个人的成功和失败。 在社会上，人们的能力有高有低，快速了解他们，不妨看看他们语言运用能力的高低，其主要表现是说话的艺术，语言的力量能征服世界上最复杂的东西——人的心灵，通过成功的口才这一媒介，不熟识的人可以熟识起来，长期形成的隔阂可以消失，甚至单位之间，社会集团之间，国家之间的矛盾有时也可以通过它得到解决，若是语言运用不当，也可能交际失败，甚至损害自身的形象。我国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，不仅有四大发明，万里长城，唐诗宋词等等所代表的辉煌的传统文化，而且在口才与交际艺术上也是世界上高度发达，首屈一指的，历史上，孔子运用口语艺术开展教育；苏秦以雄辩之才挂起六国相印；张仪四处游说建功立业；范睢说秦王；蔺相如“完璧归赵”；诸葛亮联吴抗曹，舌战群儒……到了近代和现代，也出了梁启超、孙中山、鲁迅、毛泽东、周恩来、闻一多等等许多能言善讲的大师巨擘。 “听君一席话，胜读十年书。”的确，跟那些有知识且具有口才的人交谈，比喝了壶酒更令人兴奋，比听交响乐更能振奋精神，良好的话语可以带给人愉悦和欢畅，帮助你增加知识和修养，激发你的创造力，也可以增进人们感情的融洽。 语言的运用能力确实是我们提高素质，开发潜能的至要途径，确实是我们驾驭生活、改善人生、追求事业成功的无价之宝，通观古今中外，凡是有作为的人，都把口才作为必备的修养之一，如古罗马共和国末期的政治家西塞罗，是一们雄辩家，我们敬爱的周恩来总理，美国总统林肯等等，毫不夸张地说，口才是一门语言的艺术，是用口语表示思想感情的一种巧妙的形式，懂得语言艺术的人，懂得相处之道的人，他不会勉强别人与自己有相同的观点，而巧妙地引导他人到自己的思想上来，那些善于用口语准确、贴切、生动地表达自己思想感情的人、办事往往圆满，反之，不懂得语言艺术的人，最后自己也会陷入困境。 大文豪莎士比亚说过：“世间有一种成就可以使人很快完成伟业，并获得世人的认识，那就是讲话令人喜悦的能力”[4]，人才也许不是口才家，但有口才的人必定是人才，口才是现代智能型人才的基本素质、思维敏捷、能言善辨是事业成功的保证，一个善于说话的人，首先必定具有敏锐的观察力，能深刻认识事物，只有这样，说出话来才能一针见血，准确地反映事物的本质；其次，还必须有严密的思维能力，懂得怎样分析，判断和推理，说出话来才能滴水不漏，有条有理，最后，还必须有流畅的表达能力，间接来说，知识渊博，话才能说的生动通顺，正因为口才具有综合能力的特征。语言是人类社会的最重要的交际工具，语言与交际相互影响，语言与社会的相互依存。其表现在：第一、交际中用语言打破尴尬美国前总统里根第一次访问加拿大的时候，遭到了反美的人群示威反对，他的演说不得不时时中断，让陪同的加拿大总理觉得很难堪。 可是，面对如此难堪的场面，一向幽默的里根总统却仍是一脸的轻松，他满面笑容的说：“这种事在美国时有发生。我想这些人一定是特意从美国来到贵国的，他们想使我有一种宾至如归的感觉。”第二、交际中用语言捍卫尊严周恩来总理接待记者来访。一美国记者发觉总理拥有一支派克钢笔。便问：“请问总理阁下，连您也拥有一支派克钢笔，是否说明中国人都喜欢我们美国的钢笔呢？” 周恩来一听，顺手拿起派克钢笔，意味深长地笑了一笑：“ 这支钢笔是一位朝鲜朋友送给我做纪念的，他说这是抗美战争的战利品。它让我们想起那并肩战斗的年代。这样，我便有了一支贵国的钢笔。” 第三、“语言是组成社会的不可缺少的因素。”人类的生活、劳动、社会斗争、人际关系协调、文化知识的积累和传授等等，都离不开语言，没有语言，社会就要解体。 第四、“语言一视同仁地为社会全体成员服务。”无论什么阶级、阶层、团体，语言同样地为之服务。语言在人们的使用中会发生变异，出现种种社会方言。 第五、“个体学习和运用语言均受到社会的制约。”其一，人离开社会无法掌握语言；其二，人生长在不同的社会就能掌握不同的语言；其三，个人使用语言必然打上特定社会的烙印。第六、“语言依赖社会而存在。”其一，不同的社会形成不同的语言；其二，语言随着社会的发展变化而发展变化，社会如果消亡，语言也随之消亡。[2]我认为，交际是人们社会生活的重要内容之一，自我的发展、心理的调适、信息的沟通、各种不同层次需求的满足、人际关系的协调，都离不开交际。每一个人，都希望善于交往、都希望通过交际建立起和睦的家庭关系、亲属关系、邻里关系、朋友关系、同学、同事关系…而这些良好的社会关系可以使个人在温馨怡人的环境中愉快地学习、生活和工作。那么如何有效的运用我们的语言来达到良好的交际，是一个值得我们思考和学习的问题。我们应该积极探索语言与交际的关系，从而形成良好的社会人际关系。[参考文献] [1]伍铁平普通语言学概要（第二版）高等教育出版社,1993年5月[2]叶蜚声,徐通锵语言学纲要北京大学出版社,1997版[3]曹志希 何玲梅解放军外语学院学报1997年第6 期 总第90 期[4]杨茂平感悟生活:帮你能说会道九州出版社,2008年10月